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chemistry p1 > atomic structure c1 > Flashcards

atomic structure c1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is an element?

A

only one type of atom

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2
Q

what is a compound?

A

two or more elements chemically combined in fixed proportions

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3
Q

what is a mixture

A

different elements or compounds that are not chemically combined

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4
Q

what does the chemical formula show?

A

the elements in the compound and how many of each element there are

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5
Q

what type of structures can physical separation techniques separate?

A

mixtures

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6
Q

what are the types of physical separations techiniques?

A

filteration
crystalisation

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7
Q

what is filtration used for?

A

separate an insoluble solid from a liquid

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8
Q

what do you use to carry out filtration?

A

filter funnel
filter paper

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9
Q

how do you carry out filtration?

A
  1. pour the mixture into the filter funnel
  2. the liquid will pass through the filter paper
  3. solid will be trapped by filter paper
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10
Q

what is the liquid called that passes through the filter paper?

A

filtrate

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11
Q

when is crystallisation used?

A

to separate a soluble solid from a liquid

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12
Q

how to carry out crystallisation?

A
  1. leave solution for a few days to allow liquid to evaporate
  2. crystals will be left
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13
Q

when do we use simple distillation?

A

if we want to separate a dissolved solid from a liquid and keep the liquid

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14
Q

what are the two types of distillation

A

simple
fractional

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15
Q

how to carry out simple distillation

A
  1. evaporate the liquid by heating
  2. condense the vapour back to a liquid by cooling
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16
Q

when do we use fractional distillation?

A

to separate a mixture of different liquids

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17
Q

what do the liquids need to have in order to carry out fractional distillation

A

different boiling points

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18
Q

how to carry out fractional distillation?

A
  1. gently heat solution
  2. once the lower boiling point is reached that solution will evaporate and pass through condenser
  3. when the second boiling point is reached the same thing will happen
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19
Q

why is paper chromotography used?

A

separate soluble substances from each other based on their different solubilities

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20
Q

how to carry out paper chromatography?

A
  1. Ink or plant dye is dotted along the pencil line.
  2. The paper is lowered into the solvent and some of the dyes or inks start to spread further up the paper.
  3. As the paper is lowered into the solvent, some of the dye spreads up the paper
  4. The paper has absorbed the solvent, and the dye has spread further up the paper
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21
Q

what is the stationary phase in chromatography?

A

paper

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22
Q

what is the mobile phase in chromatography?

A

solvent

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23
Q

what does the plum pudding model look like?

A

ball of positive charge with negative electrons embedded

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24
Q

what did scientists do to see if plum pudding model was correct

A

alpha scattering experiment

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25
Q

how was alpha scattering experiment carried out?

A
  1. used a piece of gold foil
  2. fired tiny particles at it (alpha particles) with positive charge
26
Q

why did they use gold foil in alpha scttering

A

you can hammer it very thin just a few atoms thick

27
Q

what did they find out from alpha scattering?so

A
  • most particles passes through
  • some were deflected
  • some bounced straight back
28
Q

what were the conclusions of the alpha scattering experiment?

A
  • most went through therefore atoms are mostly empty space
  • some particles were deflected so must have positive charge in centre
  • some bounced straight back so must have big mass in centre- nucleus
29
Q

after the alpha scattering what did scientists replace the plum pudding model with?

A

nuclear model

30
Q

what does the nuclear model look like?

A

positive nucleus with lots of empty space with electrons on the edge

31
Q

how was the nuclear model modified?

A
  • Bohr said that the electrons orbited the nucleus at set energy levels (shells)
  • positive nucleus was due to protons
  • Chadwick said there was also neutrons in the nucleus
32
Q

what is the relative charge of a proton?

A

+1

33
Q

what is the relative charge of a neutron?

A

0

34
Q

what is the relative charge of a electron?

A

-1

35
Q

what is the mass of a proton?

A

1

36
Q

what is the mass of a neutron?

A

1

37
Q

what is the mass of a electron?

A

0

38
Q

what does the atomic number tell us?

A

the number of protons and electrons as its the same

39
Q

what does the mass number tell us?

A

amount of protons and neutrons added to together

40
Q

how do we work out the number of neutrons?

A

mass number - atomic number

41
Q

how to calculate relative atomic mass of an isotops

A

average
(mass of isotope 1 x percentage of abundance) + (mass of isotope 2 x percentage of abundance) all divided by 100

42
Q

how did Mendeleev make the modern periodic table?

A

ordered them in order of atomic weight
switched order of some if he needed to
left spaces for undiscovered atoms
predicted the properties of the undiscovered elements

43
Q

how is the modern periodic table different to mendeleevs

A

ordered by atomic number not weight
has group 0 (noble gasses)

44
Q

what is group 0 called?

A

noble gasses

45
Q

what are the key facts about noble gasses

A
  • unreactive as they have a full outer shell
  • all gasses at room temp as boiling point is below 0˚c
  • boiling point increases as we move down the group
46
Q

key facts about metals

A
  • when they react they loose an electron to have a full outer shell
  • always form positive ions
47
Q

what is group 1 called?

A

alkali metals

48
Q

how many electrons do group 1 have in their outer shell?

A

1

49
Q

how do group 1 react with oxygen

A

as you move down they react more rapidly

50
Q

what can you see when group 1 reacts with water

A

fizzing
gas produced

51
Q

why do atoms get more reactive as you move down group 1

A

as you move down they have a bigger number of electrons meaning the electron in the outer shell is further away from the nucleus therefore the electrostatic forces are weaker

52
Q

what are group 7 elements called?

A

halogens

53
Q

how many electrons are in the outer shell of halgoens?

A

7

54
Q

what happens to the melting and boiling points as we move down group 7?

A

increase

55
Q

what happens to the relative molecular mass as we move down group 7?

A

increases

56
Q

are halogens metals or non-metals?

A

metals

57
Q

what bonds do halogens form?

A

covalent and ionic

58
Q

what happenes to reactivity as we move down the group 7

A

they become less reactive
gain electrons less easily
greater distance between nucleus and outer electron
greater shielding of outer electron

59
Q

what is key fact about halogens

A

a more reactive halogen can displace a less reactive halogen from an aqueous solution of its salt

60
Q

what are the transition elements

A

metals

61
Q

properties of alkali metals

A
  • soft metals
  • relatively low boiling points
  • low density
  • react rapidly with oxygen, chlorine and water
  • form +1 ions
62
Q

properties of transition metals

A
  • hard and strong
  • high melting points
  • high density
  • less reactive than group 1 metals
  • can form different charges
  • form coloured compounds
  • can be used as catalysts

chemistry p1 (5 decks)

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