ATP and Cellular Energy

Question 1

What is ATP Breakage?

Answer 1

Used to power anabolic reactions and non-spontaneous processes in the cell and body metabolism.

Question 2

What is the ATP Cycle?

Answer 2

The energy released by breakdown reactions in the cell is used to phosphorylate ADP, regenerating ATP. The chemical potential energy stored in ATP drives most cellular work.

Question 3

What happens in ATP metabolic reactions?

Answer 3

ATP is the cell’s energy shuttle. Broken at two points to power cellular reactions in phosphate. Chemical energy is released from ATP when phosphate group bonds are hydrolysed.

Question 4

Define Respiration

Answer 4

Invests 2 ATP into the respiration process. Glucose breakdown to CO2 releases a lot of energy. Doing it in small steps, helps the controlled release of energy to be transformed into ATP. Spontaneous reaction.

Question 5

What is the cellular respiration equation?

Answer 5

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP (30-32)

Question 6

Define Glycolysis

Answer 6

In the cytoplasm, it’s the first part of the respiratory pathway. Glucose comes from blood and is trapped in cell and prepared for breakage by phosphorylation (costs energy)

Question 7

Define Energy Investment Phase

Answer 7

Two ATP’s are consumed to prepare glucose for breakage. Phosphorylated glucose then broken into two three-carbon sugars (Pyruvate)

Question 8

Define Energy Payoff Phase

Answer 8

After glucose is ready to be broken payoff phase begins. Energy is harvested during the rest of glycolysis. Phosphorylated glucose is broken into two pyruvates and the end product of glycolysis.

Question 9

Define Pyruvate Oxidation

Answer 9

Pyruvate is transported into the mitochondrion and converted into acetyl CoA. This process generates NADH as two electrons are harvested from each pyruvate. Used to generate ATP.

Question 10

Define Citric Acid Cycle

Answer 10

Acetyl CoA is fed into the citric acid cycle. For each glucose that enters glycolysis, two acetyl CoA’s are fed into the TCA cycle. The cycle produces 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 ATP for each glucose that enters glycolysis. NADH and FADH2 are used to synthesize more ATP. Each glucose that enters glycolysis produces 4 CO2 molecules.

Question 11

Define ATP synthase

Answer 11

Functions as a mill, powered by the flow of concentrated hydrogen ions from the IM space to the mitochondrial matrix. Each ATP synthase is made of several proteins. The smallest motors use chemiosmosis.