attachment studies

Question 1

Isabella et al

Answer 1

observed 30 mothers and infants and assessed the degree of synchrony
found high levels of synchrony were associated with better quality mother - infant attachments

Question 2

Brazleton

Answer 2

still face procedure
babies first showed distress but then began to lie motionless - shows important of social behavior - reciprocity or social releasers

Question 3

Schaffer & Emmerson

Answer 3

1. by 6-7 months 50% showed separation anxiety
2. by 9-10 months 80% had a specific attachment
3. most attached to one person first but significant minority formed multiple attachments at once
4. 75% attached to father by 18 months

Question 4

Myron Wilson and Smith

Answer 4

insecure avoidant more likely to be bullied

insecure resistant more likely to be bullies

Question 5

Fraley

Answer 5

.39 correlation between attachment in infancy and in adult relationships

Question 6

Bailey

Answer 6

found a correlation between mother’s own attachment experience and that with their own children

Question 7

Harlow

Answer 7

1. driven by contact comfort rather than food

2. spent most time on cloth mother especially when in a strange room or when frightened

Question 8

Lorenz

Answer 8

1. hatched neither near Lorenz or mother

2. followed nearest mobile object (before feeding)

Question 9

Ainsworth

Answer 9

strange situation

1. insecure avoidant (A) 22%
2. secure (B) 66%
3. insecure resistant (C) 12%
4. A - low stranger anxiety and separation distress and ignored reunion
5. B - moderate stranger anxiety and separation distress and easily calmed on reunion
6. C- high stranger anxiety and separation distress hard to calm on reunion

Question 10

Bick

Answer 10

94% agreement between observers in Ainsworth’s strange situation

Question 11

Van Ijendoorn & Kroonenberg

Answer 11

1. found B is most common cross culturally
   B-A-C order of frequency commonly
   same types in all countries
2. lower insecure resistant in western -US
   higher insecure avoidant - Germany
   higher insecure resistant - Japan
3. 50% more variation within countries than between them

Question 12

Salmonella

Answer 12

longitudinal study - Italy
1. lower rates of secure attachment
(confirmed in Us cross sectional study)

Question 13

Grossman

Answer 13

longitudinal study

1. quality of child attachment with mother was related to adolescent attachments
2. quality of fathers play was related to quality of adolescent attachments

Question 14

Lamb & Tamis- Lemonda

Answer 14

sensitive fathering and mothering predicted cognitive and linguistic achievement

Question 15

Freeman & Almond

Answer 15

10% of young adults considered fathers a principle source of attachment

Question 16

MacCallum & Gollomblock

Answer 16

no difference in outcomes of single parents or same sex parent families than heterosexual families

Question 17

Field

Answer 17

found primary caregiver fathers act the same as primary caregiver mothers in interactions with infant

1. fathers play a lesser but more specific role, mother will adapt role of father if no father
2. fathers can adapt to role of mother where other friends etc. may be involved

Question 18

Bowlby 1

Answer 18

44 thieves

1. 12 psychopaths had been separated from mother
2. 5 non psychopathic thieves separated from mother
3. 2 non criminals had been separated from mother
4. separation has bigger effect on development of psychopathy than thieving

Question 19

Bowlby 2

Answer 19

studies of orphaned children in WW1 and those raised in orphanages

Question 20

Rutter

Answer 20

1. IQ of adoptees after 6 months - 102
disinhibition rate 9%
2. IQ of adoptees between 6 months and 2 years - 86
disinhibition rate 26%
3. IQ of adoptees after 2 years - 77
disinhibited rate 4%

Question 21

Zeanah

Answer 21

securely attached - 19%
disorganized - 65%
disinhibited - 44%

Question 22

Kerns

Answer 22

secure - best friendships

both insecure - friendship difficulties

Question 23

McCarthy

Answer 23

40 women were tested when they were infants
secure - had best relationships and friendships avoidant - struggled with intimacy in romantic relationships
resistant - trouble maintaining friendships

Question 24

Fraley

Answer 24

meta analysis of longitudinal studies

0.39 moderate correlation between infant and adult attachment