attention 2

Question 1

what is attentional blink

Answer 1

a temporary lapse in attention that occurs when an individual is focused on one task or stimulus and fails to notice a second, often significant, stimulus that closely follows the first one

Question 2

exogenous control

Answer 2

the influence of external factors or stimuli on behavior or cognitive processes. (you dont control it)

Question 3

endogenous control

Answer 3

the influence of internal factors or processes on behavior or cognitive functions
- ability of one to control their own cogntiive processes

Question 4

overt attention

Answer 4

the conscious allocation of attentional resources to a specific stimulus or location in the environment. It involves directing one’s gaze or focusing sensory receptors toward a particular object or area of interest.

Question 5

covert attention

Answer 5

the allocation of attentional resources to a specific stimulus or location in the environment without any observable behavioral indicators.
-covert attention operates internally, with the individual mentally focusing on a particular object or area of interest.

Question 6

posner 1980 cue validity study

Answer 6

• use of covert attention
• most cues were valid and fastly responsed to valid cues
• use of light flashing, (endogenous control)

Question 7

posner 1980 cue validity results ahd WHY

Answer 7

• 20% arrow pointing in invalid direction, slower to respond
• 80% arrow in valid direction, faster to respond
• use of central cuing (when something is in the middle of your vision helping you pay attention to another location)

Question 8

corbetta and shulamn 2002, endogenous and exogenous control cues

Answer 8

• use of bottom up and top up systems
• distractor stimuli sharing property of target stimuli to capture attention in an involuntary driven way

Question 9

whats a bottom up system

Answer 9

• responsible for detecting stimuli that are unexpected and given the time their occurring they would be unexpected for determining, particualy salient stimuli
• e.g a bright light in a dull field
• can also over ride top up system (as attention could be instantly and involuntraily redirected).

Question 10

whats a top down system

Answer 10

-referring to internal guidance of attention based on prior knowledge, willful plans, and current goals.
- - considered voluntary
- can override bottom up system (meaning you can control your attention)

Question 11

chica 2013 study on exo and endo
- speed
- disruption by memory load
- interaction with visual search

Answer 11

• endogenous slow speed
• exogenous high speed
• endo is disrupted by memory load
• exo is not disrupted
• endo does not interact with visual search
• exo does interact with visual search

Question 12

baldauf, wolf anf Deubel 2006 study (clockwork arrangement) 1st study

Answer 12

• participants had to carry out 2
• double pointing
• clockword movement on clock
• used one way mirror
• then flash of ‘E’ or ‘3’ would come up on task and they had to identify which one flashed up

Question 13

baldauf, wold and deubel study, the results of what they found 1st study

Answer 13

• got target correct when nearer to the movement they made on clock
• they were not looking at the clock as a whole, due to different spotlights
• 75% correct

Question 14

what were the targets E and 3 named

Answer 14

• discrimination targets

Question 15

Baldauf, wolf and Deubel 2006 2nd study

Answer 15

• triple pointing
• third movement directly oppositie from second location
• still near 75% correct

Question 16

pylyshyn and storm 1988 study and 1999

Answer 16

• found you can track 4 different circles at a time while moving
• 1999 cannot track as many once they disappear behind lines and reappear

Question 17

cavanagh and Alvarez 2005 study

Answer 17

-focusing on detecting specific target stimuli while ignoring distractors.
-an unexpected and highly salient stimulus, known as the critical stimulus, was presented simultaneously with the target and distractors.
- despite the salience of the critical stimulus, a significant proportion of participants failed to notice its presence when their attention was engaged in the primary task known as INATTENTIONAL BLINDNESS

Question 18

inattentional blindness

Answer 18

-where individuals fail to notice unexpected stimuli in their visual field when their attention is engaged in a primary task.

Question 19

salient stimuli

Answer 19

• a stimulus that stands out or captures attention due to its distinctiveness, relevance, or significance compared to surrounding stimuli.

Question 20

contonuous tracking of location…

Answer 20

does not equal continuous processing of feature information

Question 21

patten et al., 2004 testing attention with drivers results

Answer 21

• detection of light while driving, on phone and doing mental task
• high detection of light without phone and low with phone
• poorer performance increased with complex tasks

Question 22

savage et al., 2013 hazzard perception study

Answer 22

• watched haard perception in high cognitive condition who had just heard a puzzle before task
• other watches hazard perception without puzzlze
• people who heard puzzle performed slower and made more flase hazards overall
• in high condition more blinks and focus more centered so see less of whole picture

Question 23

driver and spence 1998 corss modal attention

Answer 23

• cross modal with hand buzzing then judgement when light appeared
• found detected light faster when hand it was near just buzzed
• when crossed- leads to FASTER VISUAL DISCRIMINATION on right hand side of external space

Question 24

we can selectively attend to more than one location in space T OR F

Answer 24

TRUE