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Neuroscience Unit 3 > Audition > Flashcards

Audition Flashcards

1
Q

The height of the soundwave measures the ____ which is the ____ of the stimulus

A

amplitude, intensity

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2
Q

The ______ of the wavelength determines _____

A

frequency, pitch

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3
Q

A single frequency is ____ ____

A

pure tone

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4
Q

The “color” or “quality” of tones having equal pitch and loudness:

A

timbre

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5
Q

A whisper is __ decibals

A

20

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6
Q

Normal conversation is about __ decibals

A

60

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7
Q

The _____ is like a funnel for sound, and is part of the ___ ____

A

pinna, outer ear

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8
Q

The tube that directs sound to the middle ear is the _____ _____

A

auditory canal

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9
Q

The _____ ______ or eardrum, transfers vibrations to the ______

A

tympanic membrane, ossicles

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10
Q

The 3 bones that transfer vibrations to the inner ear are called the _____ _____ and ____

A

malleus, incus, stapes

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11
Q

The membrane that forms boundary to the inner ear is the ____ _____

A

oval window

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12
Q

The ____ is fluid filled cavities where auditory _______ takes place

A

cochlea, transduction

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13
Q

The ____ ____ houses the organ of Corti

A

cochlear duct

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14
Q

Reissner’s membrane separates the _____ ____ and the _____ _____

A

vestibular canal, cochlear duct

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15
Q

_____ ______ allows for fluid pressure to be equalized in the inner ear

A

round window

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16
Q

On top of the organ of Corti is the ____ ____ and on bottom is the ____ _____

A

tectorial membrane, basilar membrane

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17
Q

The _____ _____ and the _____ _____ contain perilymph

A

tympanic canal, vestibular canal

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18
Q

The _____ _____ contains endolymph

A

cochlear duct

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19
Q

Hair cells contain ____ on their ends

A

cilia

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20
Q

_____ of the inner ear produces the movement of the basilar membrane

A

fluid

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21
Q

The ossicles transfer vibrations from the ____ ____ to the ____ _____

A

tympanic membrane, oval window

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22
Q

Waves of ____ from the vestibular canal push the basilar membrane up and down

A

perilymph

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23
Q

The waves travel back along the tympanic canal from the ____ to the ____ _____

A

apex, round window

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24
Q

The waves of perilymph push the ____ ____ in and out

A

round window

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25
Q

The basilar membrane is wider at the ___ than at the ____

A

apex, base

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26
Q

High frequency waves are best processes at the ____ of the basilar membrane

A

base

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27
Q

Most afferent nerve fibers are connected to the ____ ____ cells while most efferent nerve fibers are connected to the ___ ____ cells

A

inner hair, outer hair

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28
Q

The cilia of the hair cells physically touch the _____ _____

A

tectorial membrane

29
Q

When the hair cells move towards the tallest cilia, ____ selective channels and causes an influx of _____ ions—> ________

A

cation, potassium, depolarization

30
Q

Depolarization leads to opening voltage gated _____ channels which trigger the release of _______

A

calcium, neurotransmitters

31
Q

_____ _____ neurons communicate with cochlear hair cells and the ____ and _____ cochlear nuclei of the ______

A

spiral ganglia, dorsal, ventral, medulla

32
Q

Cochlear nuclei synapse directly or indirectly with _____ _____

A

inferior collicus

33
Q

The inferior collicus projects to the ____ _____ _____ of the _____

A

medial geinculate nucleus, thalamus

34
Q

The MGN projects to the _____ _____ _____

A

primary auditory cortex

35
Q

_____ in the primary auditor cortex respond to single frequencies

A

columns

36
Q

The secondary auditory cortex is activated by _____ stimuli

A

complex

37
Q

Separate pathways of the ____ _____ ____ process the “what” and “where” of sound

A

secondary auditory cortex

38
Q

The primary auditory cortex is located in the ____ ____

A

temporal lobe

39
Q

Neurons responding to lower frequencies are located in the ____ portions of A1 and higher frequencies are located in the ____ portions

A

rostral, caudal

40
Q

______ ______ describes how neurons responding to one frequency are located next to neurons responding to similar frequencies

A

tonoptic organization

41
Q

___ ____ explains tonoptic organization and explains that the peak of a wave travelling the length of the basilar membrane is correlated with the sound’s ______

A

place theory, frequency

42
Q

Place theory works well for sounds ____ 4000 Hz

A

above

43
Q

Theory that the timing of nerve impulses carry information about the perceived pitch is called _____ theory

A

temporal

44
Q

Temporal theory works best for sounds _____ 4000 Hz

A

below

45
Q

______ is the human perception of that stimulus

A

loudness

46
Q

____ measures frequency (or pitch) and ____ measures amplitude (or volume)

A

hertz, decibels

47
Q

____ frequencies are usually perceived as quieter than ____ frequencies at the same intensity

A

low, high

48
Q

A single neuron can normall respond to a range of about __ db

A

40

49
Q

_____ _____ is not the same thing as sound intensity

A

perceived loudness

50
Q

Sensitivity is best for sounds that have the frequencies typical of ____

A

speech

51
Q

At high levels of sound intensity, the curves _____ because all frequencies are perceived as being _____ loud

A

flatten, equally

52
Q

There is relatively ____ difference in the time of arrival of sound to the right and left ears (from one side)

A

large

53
Q

The is ___ difference between the arrival times to the two ears of sounds directly in front or behind; these sound will be ____ to localize accurately

A

no, difficult

54
Q

Sound from 45 degrees has a ____ difference

A

slight

55
Q

The ____ is essential for localizing the elevation (vertical plane) of sounds

A

pinna

56
Q

The ____, ____ and _____ _____ provide information about the position and movement of the head

A

utricle, saccule, semicircular canals

57
Q

Otolith organs (utricle and saccule) of the inner ear provide information about ____ ____ and _____ ______

A

head position and linear acceleration

58
Q

The ____ ____ provide info about the rotation of the head

A

semicircular canals

59
Q

The auditory nerve is cranial nerve __

A

VIII

60
Q

The utricle and saccule contain ____ ____ and tilting the head moves ___ which exerts force onto the ____, which modify signally to the ____ ____

A

hair cells, otoliths, cilia, auditory nerve

61
Q

The ____ ____ provides information about the position and movements of our head, which contributes to our sense of _____

A

vestibular system, balance

62
Q

Axons from the vestibular organs travel along the auditory nerve to the _____ and _____ _____

A

cerebellum, vestibular nucleus

63
Q

Axons from the vestibular nucleus commnunicate with the ____ ___ and ____ ____ nucleus

A

spinal cord, ventral posterior

64
Q

VP nucleus projects to the _____ ______ cortex and the ____ ____ cortex

A

primary somatosensory, primary motor

65
Q

Exposure to loud noise and poor circulation to the inner ear are related to:

A

age related hearing loss

66
Q

Wax build up, infections, or otosclerosis in the outer or middle ear is can lead to ___ ____ and are treated with ____ ____

A

conduction loss, hearing aids

67
Q

Damage to the inner ear, auditory pathways or auditory cortex are usually treated with

A

cochlear prosthetics

68
Q

In cochlear prosthetics, electrode array of the implant is threaded through the ___ and sounds are picked up by an ____ ____. The signals from the array are picked up by _____ _____ fibers and transmitted to the brain

A

cochlea, external microphone, spiral ganglion

Neuroscience Unit 3 (4 decks)

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