Australian And International Aid Agencies

Question 1

Define aid

Answer 1

Assistance given to countries or communities in the event of a crisis or for the development of long-term sustainable improvements.

Question 2

Describe humanitarian aid.

Answer 2

• Refers to the rapid assistance that is given to people or countries in immediate distress to relieve suffering, during and after man-made emergencies or natural disasters.
• Aims to keep people alive
• Not a permanent solution, a “band aid” fix
• Doesn’t address the underlying causes of poverty
• May take the form of food, medicines or shelter, or it could involve personnel, such as health workers, doctors or emergency workers from other countries or aid organisations.

Question 3

Describe bilateral aid.

Answer 3

• The provision of aid from the government of one country to the government of another country.
• Two governments working together
• Involves bringing programs and health promotion messages to another country -> advance sustainable human development.
• Makes up the largest part of aid that a country receives
• Funds are often spent on infrastructure

Question 4

Describe multilateral aid

Answer 4

• Where aid is provided through an international organisation, such as World Bank, United Nations, or WHO.
• Multilateral aid combines donations from a number of countries and then distributes them to the recipient.
• Governments give money to international organisations which in turn fund programs to improve health in developing countries and lower poverty.
• Has the potential to reach many people, active in many parts of the world

Question 5

Describe Non-Government Organisations

Answer 5

• NGOs take a different approach to aid, including specific projects or programs, emergency aid, volunteering, education and development.
• Often focuses on communities
• Usually voluntary, not-for-profit
• Often rely on donations from individuals, communities, government
• Improves H & SHD by working directly with communities to target specific concerns which pose a threat to health.

Question 6

Define sustainability

Answer 6

The ability to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

Question 7

Describe the United Nations

Answer 7

• A governing body - but is not the government
• Involved in multilateral aid- 192 countries signed up
• Purpose: To bring all nations of the world together to work for peace and development, based on the principles of justice, human dignity and the wellbeing of all people.

Question 8

What are the UN’s four action areas?

Answer 8

1. Promote international peace and security
2. Promote human rights
3. Provide humanitarian assistance
4. Promote social and economic development

Question 9

Discuss world peace and security (un)

Answer 9

• UN Working to represent peace and security
• Represents the central purpose of the UN
• Tries to prevent war and conflict through conflict prevention, peace making, peace keeping and peace building
• Doesn’t have its own military force, uses member states
• The UN-> rebuilds education, health and government services/resources impacted by conflict
• Development assistance: A key element in peace building -> Long lasting peace

Question 10

Discuss human rights (UN)

Answer 10

• Rights include:
• Life, liberty, and security,
• freedom of thought, conscience, religion
• Education, decent life, enough resources etc.
• The UN works to promote the human rights and to assist governments carrying out their responsibilities to uphold their rights
• Human rights are inherent in all of their work as they are central to the health and wellbeing of people.

Question 11

Discuss social and economic development (UN)

Answer 11

• Key aim: Promotion of…
  1. Higher living standards
  2. Full employment
  3. Conditions of economic and social development/progress
• Thus the UN aim to eradicate poverty/improve the wellbeing of all people.
• Works to identify solutions to international economic problems, facilitate international, cultural and educational cooperation, and encouraging universal respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms

Question 12

Discuss how the UN provides humanitarian assistance

Answer 12

• Since WW2-> Major provider of emergency relief and long-term assistance.
• UN- often the first agency to offer Humanitarian Assistance to victims of disasters, especially to children, women and the elderly.
• Food, water, shelter, medicines etc. are provided
• Often very difficult to deliver aid due to conditions such as conflict and terrain.

Question 13

What are the six core functions of WHO?

Answer 13

1. Advancing universal health coverage
2. Health-Relates Millennium Development Goals
3. Addressing the challenge of Non-Communicable diseases and Mental Health, Violence, Injuries and Disabilities
4. Implementing the Provisions of the International Health Regulations
5. Increasing Access to Essential, High-Quality, Effective and Affordable Medical Products
   6 . Addressing the Social, Economic and Environmental Determinants

Question 14

What is World Vision?

Answer 14

• World Vision is a Christian development organisation that works with all people, regardless of their religion, ethnicity or gender through:
• Community development
• Humanitarian and Emergency Relief
• Tackling injustice through policy change, education and advocacy

Question 15

Describe World Vision’s community development

Answer 15

-Community development: Works amongst poor communities to find solutions to problems, such as malnutrition, lack of knowledge, safe drinking water, unemployment, incomes etc. These include maternal, newborn and child health programs, agriculture cooperatives, water and sanitation projects, and income generating projects.

Question 16

Describe World Vision’s humanitarian and emergency relief

Answer 16

• Provides rapid emergency relief to people affected by war, conflict, flood, drought, earthquake, famine and other natural disasters.
• Field workers provide resources, other activities including providing child friendly spaces and helping people access health care.

Question 17

Describe World Vision’s tackling injustice through policy change, education and advocacy

Answer 17

-Engages governments, institutions, donors, communities and the public to address the underlying causes of poverty, supports training and projects that empower communities to speak up for their rights and influence change.

Question 18

How does World Vision cater to the health of Maternal and Child Health?

Answer 18

• World Vision’s 7-11 strategy for Maternal and Child Health:
• Aims to reduce U5MR and maternal mortality through 7 core interventions for mothers and 11 core interventions for children.
• What are they? Look in the textbook because I’m lazy

Question 19

Define global health

Answer 19

The health of populations in a worldwide context that go beyond the perspectives and concerns of individual countries. Global health is about an international collaborative approach to achieving equity in health for all people worldwide.

Question 20

What are some examples of World Vision’s projects?

Answer 20

• Training and supporting community health workers who provide education and support in the community about good nutrition, healthy behaviours and preventative health care measures.
• Training and equipping health staff, including midwives
• Intensive feeding programs for malnourished children
• Agricultural training on growing new and more diverse range of crops, and rearing livestock, in order to improve food security and access to a wider range of nutrients.

Question 21

What are the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade’s six priorities?

Answer 21

1. Infrastructure, trade facilitation and international competitiveness
2. Eduction and health
3. Agriculture, fisheries and water
4. Gender Equality and empowering girls and women
5. Effective governance: Policies, institutions and functioning economies
6. Building resilience: Humanitarian assistance, disaster risk reduction and social protection

Question 22

Describe the Female Literacy Centre in Afghanistan

Answer 22

Aid: Multilateral
Reasons:
-Women make up a majority of people who are illiterate
-Educated females are more likely to have healthy children
Implementation:
-UNICEF provides learning materials and textbooks to all students and teachers in the female literacy centres, and supplies classroom material such as black boards and floor mats.
-UNICEF also sponsors and organises periodic trainings for teachers.

Question 23

Explain CARE’s Conservation Farming Group in Zimbabwe

Answer 23

Aid: NGO
Reasons:
-Adequate nutrition is linked to lower mortality rates
-Well-nourished populations are better prepared for education and employment, reducing poverty.
-A large population of people in developing countries lack food security
Implementation:
-CARE trains low income farmers in conservation agricultural methods, simple techniques such as time management, mulching and minimising the movement of nutritious topsoil
-Farmers were trained and provided with additional seeds and taught techniques on demonstration plots in their community
-Community gardens produce substantial excess vegetables to be sold

Question 24

Explain WHO’s Global Health Sector Strategy on HIV/AIDS

Answer 24

Type of aid: Multilateral
Reasons:
-HIV/AIDS is preventable
-Those infected with HIV are unable to care for families and many children become orphaned.
-Antiretroviral medication is effective at prolonging life.
Implementation:
-Assists countries in policy selection relating to combatting AIDS.
-Assists countries to improve health systems, provides models and technical assistance, distribution of condoms
-Trains countries to increase their access to HIV medications.

Question 25

Explain the Nothing but Nets NGO

Answer 25

Type of aid: Mutlilateral
Reasons:
-Malaria is a leading cause of death in children under 5
-It is a preventable disease.
Implementation:
-Run by a charity from the UN
-Collects donations, uses money to buy insecticide nets
-Nets are sent to Africa to countries that have high malaria rates
-Nets prevent people from being bitten, reduce the risk of contracting malaria.
-Sometimes experts may be sent to breeding grounds for malaria infected mosquitos to eliminate breeding opportunities.

Question 26

Explain the GAVI Alliance Program in India

Answer 26

Aid: Multilateral
Reasons:
-Immunisation is a cost-effective method of reducing the risk of a range of conditions
-Around one third of deaths among children occur as result of vaccine preventable diseases.
-Immunisation programs can help reduce U5MR, contribute to SHD
Implementation:
-Provides immunisations in developing countries
-Local people are assisted in administering the immunisations
-Temporary tents and shelters can be provided
-Tracking mechanisms are put in place so people can be reminded about their booster shots.
-A van called the Teeka Express is provided to reach those in remote areas.

Question 27

Explain the Cuu Long Safe Water and Sanitation Project

Answer 27

Aid: Bilateral
Reasons:
-Many poor people were collecting water from unsafe resources-> increase in prevalence of communicable diseases
-Women spending significant time and energy collecting water for the families
-Families were paying 3-10 times the local price for clean drinking water.
Implementation:
-Local people were trained in water and sanitation technology and the required tools and equipment were supplied.
-120 blocks of toilets were built in schools and school children were involved in programs designed to promote personal hygiene.
-Women also have been employed to manage the maintenance and community education.
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Question 28

How can the three elements of sustainability evaluate the effectiveness of an NGO?

Answer 28

Appropriateness:
-Involves the people, empowers people to take ownership of the project in the future, more likely to meet the needs of the community
-The right kind of aid, focuses on providing health related services and resources that meet the needs of the communities
-Focus on education, employment and ability to access income
Affordability:
-Must take into consideration those in poverty, funds from government
-Programs must consider hoe they are funded so individuals do not have to pay
-As people access programs, the GNI of a country may increase as more people are educated and can access a meaningful paid employment.
Equity
-Meets the needs of all individuals and community groups, such as women, disabled, living in remote areas.
-Universal coverage, all people can access because of a need to rather than their ability to pay.
-People centred services- Decreasing distance needed to travel