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CP1.03_Autonomics_ZACHOW > Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Function of the SNS:

A
  • Acute regulation of:
    • Cardiac function
    • BP
    • Respiration
    • Renal
    • Plasma glucose
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2
Q

Function of PSNS:

A
  • Chronic regulation of:
    • Basal HR
    • GI function (metabolism)
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3
Q

Fiber type of preganglionic SNS neurons:

A

cholinergic (release ACh)

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4
Q

Fiber type of postganglionic SNS neurons:

A

noradrenergic (release norepinephrine)

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5
Q

Receptors expressed on postganglionic SNS neurons:

A
  • cholinergic-nicotinic
    • can bind ACh and nicotine
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6
Q

Cell plasma membranes of effector tissues that are innervated by the SNS fibers express what type of receptors?

A
  • type α and β adrenergic receptors (adrenoreceptors)
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7
Q

SNS path from spinal cord to effector tissue:

A
  1. AP down cholinergic preganglionic SNS fiber.
  2. Preganglionic SNS fiber releases ACh into synaptic cleft.
  3. ACh binds to cholinergic-nicotinic receptor on postganglionic SNS membrane.
  4. AP down adrenergic postganglionic SNS fiber.
  5. Postganglionic SNS fiber releases norepi into effector tissue.
  6. Norepi binds type α and/or β adrenoreceptor.
  7. Effector tissue response.
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8
Q

The two types of type α adrenoreceptors:

A

α1 and α2

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9
Q

The three types of type β adrenoreceptors:

A

β1, β2, and β3

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10
Q

Where are type α1 adrenoreceptors located?

A

vascular smooth muscle.

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11
Q

Where are type β1 adrenoreceptors located?

A

SA node, ventricular myocytes, and kidney.

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12
Q

Where are type β2 adrenoreceptors located?

A
  • myocardium, bronchial smooth muscle, vascular smooth muscle in skeletal muscle.
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13
Q

What allows for different effects to be illicited by a single compound/neurotransmitter?

A
  • Tissue- and cell-specific expression of different receptor isoforms.
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14
Q

Once norepi is released by a postganglionic SNS fiber to an effector tissue, how is is removed from the synaptic cleft?

A
  1. binding to type α or type β adrenoreceptors on the effector tissue.
  2. reuptake by postganglionic SNS fiber.
  3. broken down by COMT or MAO enzymes.
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15
Q

The two enzymes that can degrade epi and norepi:

A
  1. catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT)
  2. monoamine oxidase (MAO)
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16
Q

What are the adrenal medullas innervated by?

A
  • preganglionic SNS fibers from the medulla oblongata.
  • synapse on chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla.
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17
Q

Chromaffin cells:

A
  • modified postganglionic SNS fibers that synapse with preganglionic SNS fibers in the adrenal medulla.
  • secrete epi >> norepi into circulation in response to ACh binding from preganglionic SNS fibers.
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18
Q

Main entities decreased by SNS activity:

A
  1. insulin secretion
  2. GI motility
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19
Q

The cardiac and respiratory regulatory centers for the SNS are located in the:

A

medulla oblongata

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20
Q

Receptor and response elicited from SNS norepi released into lung tissue:

A
  • norepi binds to type β2 receptors in lung tissue.
  • bronchiolar dilation.
21
Q

Receptor and response elicited from SNS norepi released into heart tissue:

A
  • norepi binds to type β1 receptors in heart tissue.
  • chronotropy (increased HR) and inotropy (increased contractile force).
22
Q

What leads to SNS-elicited increased blood pressure?

A
  • norepi binding to type β1 receptors in heart tissue leads to chronotropy and inotropy.
  • norepi binding to type α1 receptors in vascular smooth muscle leads to vasoconstriction.
23
Q

Receptor and response elicited from SNS norepi released into vascular smooth muscle:

A
  • norepi binds type α1 receptors in vascular smooth muscle.
  • vasoconstriction; increased BP.
24
Q

How are SNS cardiac and respiratory regulatory centers in the medulla oblongata activated?

A
  • low blood pressure (via baroreceptors)
  • exertion
  • pain/physical injury
  • mental stress
25
Q

How is GI motility/secretions decreased via SNS?

A
  • medulla oblongata sends postganglionic SNS fibers to GI tract.
  • norepi binds to type β2 receptors in GI tissue.
26
Q

List main tissues/receptors activated in SNS cardiac/respiratory response:

A
  • bronchial smooth muscle relaxation (β2)
  • increased cardiac output (β1), vasoconstriction (α1)
27
Q

PSNS path from brain stem/sacral spinal cord to effector tissue:

A
  1. AP down cholinergic preganglionic PSNS fiber.
  2. Preganglionic PSNS fiber releases ACh into synaptic cleft.
  3. ACh binds to cholinergic-nicotinic receptor on postganglionic PSNS membrane.
  4. AP down cholinergic postganglionic PSNS fiber.
  5. Postganglionic PSNS fiber releases ACh into effector tissue.
  6. ACh binds cholinergic-muscarinic receptor.
  7. Effector tissue response.
28
Q

Main difference between SNS and PSNS mechanism of action on effector tissue:

A
  • SNS: postganglionics adrenergic and primarily release norepi that binds to type α and type β adrenoreceptors.
  • PSNS: postganglionics adrenergic and release ACh that binds to cholinergic-muscarinic receptors.
29
Q

What enzyme limits the effect of PSNS on effector tissue?

A
  • cholinesterase; breaks down ACh in synaptic cleft.
30
Q

Type α and type β adrenoreceptor agonists:

A

norepinephrine and epinephrine

31
Q

Cholinergic-nicotinic receptor (N2-R) agonists:

A

nicotine

32
Q

Type β adrenoreceptor antagonists:

A
  • ENDS IN “OLOL”
  • Atenolol, metoprolol, propranolol
  • inhibit SNS activity
33
Q

Cholinergic-muscarinic (CM) receptor antagonists:

A

Atropine

inhibits PSNS activity

34
Q

Atenolol and metoprolol are antagonists with a relatively high specificity for which adrenoreceptor?

A

β1 adrenoreceptors (located in heart)

35
Q

Which beta-blocker is non-specific to one type of type β adrenoreceptors?

A

propranolol

binds all type β adrenoreceptors

36
Q

The two types of blood pressure baroreceptors and their respective locations:

A
  • high pressure baroreceptors: carotid sinus and aortic arch
  • low pressure baroreceptors: right atrium of heart
37
Q

What cranial nerves innervate blood pressure baroreceptors, and carry their information to the medulla oblongata?

A
  • glossopharyngeal (CN9)
  • vagus (CN10)
38
Q

The three nuclei in the medulla oblongata that process baroreceptor information and control ANS effects on cardiac function:

A
  1. nucleus of tractus solitarius (NTS)
  2. nucleus ambiguous (NA)
  3. dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV)
39
Q

The three centers of the medulla nuclei that process baroreceptor information:

A

NTS, NA, DMV nuclei

  1. cardioacceleratory center
  2. cardioinhibitory center
  3. vasomotor center
40
Q

How is heart rate decreased/slowed?

A
  • PSNS (via vagal nerve)
  • ACh binds CM2-R in SA and AV nodes
41
Q

What parts of the heart are innervated by PSNS?

A

SA & AV nodes, atria, ventricles

42
Q

What parts of the heart are innervated by SNS?

A

SA node, atria, myocardium

43
Q

Mechanism and result of SNS action on heart:

A
  • Norepi released into SA node, atria, myocardium
  • Norepi binds β1 adrenoceptor
  • increase HR, contractile force, systolic BP
44
Q

Mechanism and result of SNS action on VSM:

A
  • Norepi released into VSM
  • Norepi binds α1 adrenoceptor
  • vasoconstriction; increase diastolic BP
45
Q

What increases systolic blood pressure?

A
  • SNS norepi binds β1 adrenoceptor in heart
  • increase HR and contractile force
46
Q

What increases diastolic blood pressure?

A
  • SNS norepi binds α1 adrenoceptor in VAM
  • vasoconstriction
47
Q

The two types of ANS receptors expressed by the sinoatrial (SA) node in the right atrium:

A
  • β1 adrenoceptors (SNS)
  • CM2 (PSNS)
48
Q

Venous return:

A
  • return of venous blood to the right atrium.
49
Q

Process of return to normotensive state after standing:

A
  1. start sitting: normotensive.
  2. stand up: decreased venous return.
  3. low pressure baroreceptors in right atrium activated.
  4. SNS response in medulla.
  5. increased cardiac output via norepi/β1 receptors.
  6. vasoconstriction via norepi/α1 receptors.
  7. return to normotensive state.

CP1.03_Autonomics_ZACHOW (1 decks)

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