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Question 1

1. What is a clone?

Answer 1

A genetically identical organism

Question 2

1. What can reproduce asexually to form clones? (and examples)

Answer 2

• plants
• some animals e.g. fermale greenfly
• Bacteria: divide into two and multiply rapidly

Question 3

2. Why do differences in clones occur?

Answer 3

-only environmental factors

Question 4

3. When do clones of plants occur naturally? (and examples)

Answer 4

Bulbs: underground fleshy structure (e.g. garlic)
Runners: horizontal stems called runners emerge from base of the plant and grow clones on their tips (e.g. strawberries)

Question 5

4. How do clones in animals occur naturally?

Answer 5

When cells of an embryo separate (identical twins)

Question 6

4. How do clones in animals occur artificially?

Answer 6

When the nucleus from an adult body cell is transferred to an empty unfertilised egg cell

Question 7

5. What are the different types of stem cells?

Answer 7

• Embryonic stem cells

- Adult stem cells

Question 8

5. What can embryonic stem cells develop into?

Answer 8

-can develop into any type of cell

Question 9

5. What is a stem cell?

Answer 9

an unspecialised cell

Question 10

5. Where are adult and embryonic stem cells found?

Answer 10

• Adult: found in adult animals

- Embryonic: formed in embryos

Question 11

5. How do we obtain adult stem cells?

Answer 11

-by safely removing them from the adult patient. E.g. by extracting bone marrow (no embryo destroyed)

Question 12

6. How can stem cells be used? Why?

Answer 12

they offer the potential to treat some illnesses as they are unspecialised

Question 13

6. What illnesses can adult stem cells be used to treat? How?

Answer 13

-Blood diseases like sickle cell anaemia-bone marrow transplants.
Adult stem cells in the bone marrow can turn into new blood cells to replace old faulty ones.

Question 14

6. What illnesses can embryonic stem cells be used to treat? How?

Answer 14

-Could be used to replace faulty cells in sick people
Heart muscle cells- heart disease
Insulin producing cells- diabetes
Nerve cells- spinal injuries (paralysed)

Question 15

7. When do cells become specialised?

Answer 15

-during the early development of the organism

Question 16

6. Are adult and embryonic stem cells in use in medicine?

Answer 16

adult: yes
embryonic: no as still being researched

Question 17

5. How do we obtain embryonic stem cells?

Answer 17

-by removing the stem cells from the embryo, then destroying the embryo.

Question 18

5. What can adult stem cells develop into?

Answer 18

-can develop into many, but not all, types of cell

Question 19

2. What are examples of environmental factors which can cause differences in clones?

Answer 19

physical accidents, culture, climate, diet, lifestyle