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CENAS editadas > B and T Cells and Cytokines > Flashcards

B and T Cells and Cytokines Flashcards

1
Q

how do cells communicate?

A

cell-cell contact, signalling via receptors - ligand interactions between membranes of different cells e.g MHC and TcR

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2
Q

what are cytokines?

A
  • small polypeptides

- released by cells in response to activating stimulus

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3
Q

what 3 behaviours can cytokines exhibit?

A

autocrine: effects on cell that secretes it
paracrine: effects on adjacent cells
endocrine: effects on distant cells

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4
Q

what are chemokines?

A 
a class of cytokine that has chemoattractant properties:
- induces cells to migrate towards source
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5
Q

what are interleukins?

A

cytokines secretes by leucocytes

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6
Q

what are the two main groups of chemokines?

A
  • CC (binds ro CCR1-9)

- CXC (binds to CXCR1-5)

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7
Q

what does IL-8 do?

A

chemotactic factor that recruits neutrophils and T cells to site of infection

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8
Q

what does IL-2 do?

A
  • activates T cells -

- induces self proliferation

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9
Q

what does IL-4 do?

A
  • activates B cells

- switches them to produce IgE, therefore important in allergy

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10
Q

what does IFN-γ do?

A
  • activates strong cell mediated responses
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11
Q

what does TNF-α do?

A
  • activates vascular endothelium and increases vascular permeability
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12
Q

by what process do neutrophils access infection sites?

A

diapedesis

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13
Q

what are the steps for a neutrophils entering infection sites?

A
  1. rolling adhesion
  2. tight binding
  3. diapedesis
  4. migration
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14
Q

upon release, what does TNF-α trigger, and what can it induce?

A
  • triggers local protection

- can induces systemic shock

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15
Q

name the two types of CD4 T cells?

A

Th1 - produce cell mediated immunity

Th2 - produce antibody responses

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16
Q

what are dendritic cells (DC)?

A

professional antigen presenting cells that sits at the interface between innate and adaptive immune response

17
Q

what are functions/features of dendritic cells?

A
  • found in most surface epithelia
  • highly phagocytic
  • upon stimulation, cease phagocytosis and migrate to lymph nodes
18
Q

what are other names dendritic cells are known by?

A
  • langerhans cells in skin
  • interdigitating cells
  • follicular dendritic cells (FDC)
  • veiled cells when migrating in circulation
19
Q

what do DC cells in lymph nodes do?

A
  • activate T cells

- influence B cells

20
Q

what are features of FDCs?

A
  • can hold on to antigen for extended periods
  • antigen in form of antigen-antibody -complement complexes
  • complexes do not appear to undergo internalisation
21
Q

what do DC express?

A

pattern recognition receptors (PRR)

22
Q

What do TLR 1 & 2 do

A

lipopetides - recognize things that wounldn’t normally exist on DC surface or intracell. spaces

23
Q

What does TLR4 do

A

lipopolysaccharide; heat shock proteins - indicate presence of proteins

24
Q

What does TLR7 do

A

imicrinob strong stimulator - can be curative in some skin cancers

25
Q

What does TLR11 do

A

bacterial components

26
Q

Distinguish between mech of DC and FDC

A

DC:
B cells receive proliferation signals from TH2 –> B cells interact directly with DC –> maturation to plasma cells –> antibody:antigen complexes bind to FDC

FDC:
activated B cells migrate to nearby follicle –> rapid mutation + proliferation –> mutated B cells that can bind antigen to FDC survive, other die (affinity maturation) –> activated b cells migrate to blood to become plasma cells in marrow

27
Q

Describe the self proliferation mech of T cells

A
  • naive T cells express low affinity IL -2 receptor
  • activated T cells express high affinity IL -2 receptor
  • IL-2 binds to receptor
  • send proliferation signal to T cells
28
Q

How is TNF alpha related to sepsis? explain the mech

A

when normal - released to tissues, but in sepsis released to bloodstream.

  • systemic edema causes dec. BV, collapsion of vessels, neutropenia
  • lead to disseminated intravascular coagulation and wasting + organ failure
29
Q

What innate cells kill virally infected cells

A

NK

30
Q

How do virally infected cells respond?

A

prod. INF alpha + beta

31
Q

What key cytokines distinguish Th1 and Th2?

A

IFN gamma and IL 4

32
Q

What is the structure of IgM

A

pentameric polypeptide chain

CENAS editadas (2 decks)

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