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Biology > B1 > Flashcards

B1 Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 things do plant cells have that animal cells don’t?

A

Chloroplasts, Permanent Vacuole, Cell wall

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2
Q

Where is DNA found in animal cells?

A

Nucleas

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3
Q

Where is DNA found in bacteria cells?

A

plasmids or freely in the cytoplasm

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4
Q

Cell differentiation?

A

The process by which the cell changes to become specialised for its job

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5
Q

3 ways that sperm cell is adapted for its function?

A

Long tail
streamlined head to help it swim
Lots of mitochondria to provide energy

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6
Q

Chromosomes?

A

A long molecule of DNA found in the nucleas

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7
Q

Mitosis?

A

the cell divides
Multicellular organisms use mitosis to grow or replace damaged cells

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8
Q

Why are some people against the use of human embryos in stem cell research?

A

Because each one is a potential human life

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9
Q

How can embryonic stem cells be used to cure diseases?

A

Replace faulty cells in sick people e.g. insulin- producing cells for people with diabetes, nerve cells for paralysed people.

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10
Q

Why are embryonic stem cells better than adult stem cells?

A

They have the potential to turn into any kind of cell because they have not yet differentiated

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11
Q

Osmosis?

A

the movement of water molecules across a semi permeable membrane from a region of low water concentration to a high

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12
Q

3 substances that can diffuse through cell membranes?

A

Oxygen, Glucose and water

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13
Q

2 substances that can’t diffuse through cell membrane?

A

Starch and proteins

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14
Q

Active transport and when does it happen in humans?

A

When substances move from an area of lower to higher concentration
When there is a higher concentration of nutrients in the gut but lower concentration of nutrients in the blood
against the concentration gradient

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15
Q

What do root hairs do for plants?

A

increase the surface area of the roots (more space for diffusion)

absorb water and mineral ions from the soil for healthy growth

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16
Q

How easily stuff moves between an organism and its environment.
What does this depend on?

A

It’s surface area to volume area ratio

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17
Q

what is the job of the lungs?

A

to transfer oxygen to the blood and to remove waste carbon dioxide from it

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18
Q

What do Villis in the small intestine do?

A

Increase surface area in a big way so that digested food is absorbed much more quickly into the blood

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19
Q

The higher the concentration gradient?

A

The faster diffusion takes place

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20
Q

xylem cells?

A

found in plant stem and form long tubes which carry water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the leaves

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21
Q

What are xylem cells walls like?

A

thick walls containing lignin which provides support to the plant

22
Q

What internal structures do xylem cells have?

A

none at all (nucleas, cytoplasm etc) because it makes it easier for water and mineral cells to flow

23
Q

What do Phloem cells do?

A

carry dissolved sugars up and down the plant

24
Q

What are the 3 plant cells?

A

root hair cells
xylem cells
phloem cells

25
Q

what are 2 problems with light microscopes?

A

limited magnification
limited resolution

26
Q

What does 1 order of magnitude mean?

A

10 X
for example, a pineapple is 1 magnitude larger than a lemon (ten times larger)

27
Q

What does 2 orders of magnitude mean?

A

100X
a dog is 2 orders of magnitude larger than a bee

28
Q

Order of magnitude?

A

every order of magnitude is 10x greater than the one before
e.g. 1000X = 3 orders of magnitude

29
Q

Cytoplasm?

A

where chemical reactions take place in the cell

30
Q

Ribosomes?

A

the site of protein synthesis

31
Q

Permanent vacuole?

A

helps give the plant cell its shape

32
Q

What happens in the first stage of the cell cycle?

A

the DNA replicates to form two copies of each chromosome

33
Q

What happens in the second stage of the cell cycle?

A

Mitosis

34
Q

What happens in the final stage of the cell cycle?

A

the cytoplasm and the cell membrane divide to form 2 identical cells

35
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

an undifferentiated cell which can turn into any cell

36
Q

Where can stem cells be found in adult organisms?

A

bone marrow

37
Q

Why are stem cells taken from bone marrow in an adult organism?

A

because they can turn into different types of blood cells

38
Q

2 problems with bone marrow transplant?

A

Donor has to be compatible with the patient otherwise the white blood cells could attack the patients body

Risk of virus

39
Q

What is therapeutic cloning?

A

use stem cells to treat diseases. Use own stem cells to treat diseases

40
Q

When can stem cells be used from plants?

A

at any point in the life of the plant

41
Q

Diffusion?

A

the spreading out of particles overall from an area of high to low concentration
e.g. oxygen into a cell, CO2 out of a cell

42
Q

What is urea?

A

a waste product produced inside cells. It diffuses out of the cells into the blood
plasma and excreted by the kidneys

43
Q

What is the difference in concentration called?

A

the concentration gradient

44
Q

2 factors that affect the rate of diffusion?

A

the concentration gradient
the temperature - the particles have more kinetic energy with a high temp

45
Q

What amount of surface area will increase diffusion?

A

the larger the surface area, the greater rate of diffusion

46
Q

What happens to the surface area to volume area ratio as organism get larger?

A

it falls sharply

47
Q

Why is it harder for larger organisms to get oxygen?

A

Cells on the surface can get enough oxygen by diffusion but they are larger so they are much further away from the surface

48
Q

what does amylase do?

A

Breaks down starch molecules into simple sugars

49
Q

2 places where you can get stem cells?

A

embryos
bone marrow

50
Q

2 arguments for the use of stem cells?

A

cures sick people

using unwanted embryos from parents

Biology (9 decks)

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