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GCSE AQA COMBINED BIOLOGY P1 > B1 CELL BIOLOGY > Flashcards

B1 CELL BIOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

What is an eukaryotic cell?

A

A cell with no nucleus e.g plants and animal cells

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2
Q

what is a prokaryotic cell

A

A cell that has no nucleus e.g bacteria and genetic material is not enclosed in the nucleus

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3
Q

What is a light microscope

A

Light microscope use light and lenses to form an image of a specimen and magnify it. They let us see individual cells and structures e.g. nuclei

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4
Q

What is an electron microscope

A

Electron microscopes use electrons instead of light to form an image

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5
Q

Give 3 advantages of an electron microscope

A

1)Higher magnification
2)Higher resolution
3)See much more detail e.g. internal structures of mitochondria

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6
Q

FORMULA FOR MAGINFICATION

A

MAGINIFICATION=IMAGE SIZE/REAL SIZE

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7
Q

FORMULA FOR MAGINFICATION

A

MAGINIFICATION=IMAGE SIZE/REAL SIZE

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8
Q

How do you prepare a microscope slide?

A

1)Add a drop of water to the middle of a clean slide
2)Use tweezers to pull off epidermal tissue on an onion
3)Use tweezers to place epidermal tissue into water on the slide
4)Add a drop of iodine solution to stain
5)Place a cover slip on top and make sure not to get any air bubbles inside

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8
Q

How do you prepare a microscope slide?

A

1)Add a drop of water to the middle of a clean slide
2)Use tweezers to pull off epidermal tissue on an onion
3)Use tweezers to place epidermal tissue into water on the slide
4)Add a drop of iodine solution to stain
5)Place a cover slip on top and make sure not to get any air bubbles inside

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9
Q

How do you use a light microscope?

A

1)Clip the slide onto the stage
2)Select the lowest powered objective lens
3)Use the coarse adjustments knob to move stage up
4)Look down the eye piece and use course adjustment knob to move the stage downwards until the image is roughly in focus
5)Adjust fine focus to get a clear image
6)Swap to a higher powered objective lens for greater magnification

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10
Q

WHAT IS DIFFERENTIATION

A

the process by which a cell changes to become specialised for its job and allows them to carry out a specific function

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11
Q

WHEN DO ANIMAL CELLS DIFFERENTIATE

A

at an early stage

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12
Q

How long do plant cells differentiate for

A

Many types of plant cells retain the ability to differentiate throughout life

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13
Q

What is a sperm cell and its features

A

To get male DNA to the female DNA
1) long tail and streamlines head to help swim to the egg
2) mitochondria in the cell to provide energy needed
3) carries enzymes in the head to digest through the egg cell membrane

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14
Q

WHAT ARE NERVE CELLS AND ITS FEATURES

A

to carry electrical signals from one part of the body to another
1) Cells are long to cover more distance
2) Have branches to connect to other nerve cells and form a network across the body

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15
Q

WHAT ARE MUSCLE CELLS AND ITS FEATURES

A

to contract more quickly
1) cells are long so that there are more space to contract
2)contain lots of mitochondria to generate energy needed for contraction

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16
Q

WHAT ARE ROOT HAIR CELLS AND ITS FEATURES

A

to absorb water and minerals
1) Long hairs which give a large surface area for absorbing water and mineral ions from the soil

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17
Q

WHAT ARE PHLOEM AND XYLEM CELLS AND THEIR FEATURES?

A

Both transport food and water around plants
1) cells are long and joined end to end to form the tubes
2)Xylem cells are hollow in the center
3)Phloem have very subcellular structures so that stuff can flow through them

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18
Q

WHAT ARE CHROMOSOMES AND HOW ARE THEY FOUND

A

The nucleus of a cell contains chromosomes made of DNA molecules and are found in 23 pairs

19
Q

WHAT HAPPENS IN THE CELL CYCLE

A

Body cells divide to produce new cells

20
Q

How is DNA replicated

A

1)Before division cell needs to grow and increase the number of subcellular structures such as mitochondria and ribosomes
2)The DNA then replicates to form 2 copies of each chromosome

21
Q

WHAT IS MITOSIS AND ITS PROCESS

A

Cell division by mitosis is important in the growth and development of multicellular organisms
1) One set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell and the nucleus divides
2)Finally cytoplasm and cell membranes divide to form two new identical daughter cells

22
Q

WHAT IS A STEM CELL

A

an undifferentiated cell of an organism that can differentiate to form different types of cells

23
Q

What can be done with embryo stem cells

A

can be cloned and made to differentiate into most types of different human cells

24
Q

What can be done with stem cells from adult bone marrow?

A

form many types of cells including blood cells

25
Q

What is meristem?

A

found in plants and can differentiate into any type of plant cell throughout the life of the plant

25
Q

What can treatment of stem cells help with

A

conditions such as diabetes or paralysis

26
Q

What is therapeutic cloning

A

where an embryo could be made to have the same genetic information as the patient and so would less likely be rejected by the patient’s body due to having the same genes

27
Q

What are the cons of therapeutic cloning

A

1) transfer of viral infection
2) many people feel that human embryos shouldn’t be used as its unethical
3) other reasons could be that people have ethical or religious objections

28
Q

What can stem cells from meristems be used for?

A

1) rare species can be cloned to protect from extinction
2) crop plants with special features such as disease resistance can be cloned to produce a large number of identical plants for farmers

29
Q

what is diffusion

A

Diffusion is when gas particles move from an area of high concentration to a low concentration e.g. Oxygen and carbon dioxide during gas exchange

30
Q

What are factors that affect the rates of diffusion

A

1) the difference in concentrations (concentration gradient) as the bigger the faster
2) The temperature as particles will have more energy to move around faster
3) the surface area of the membrane so the larger the membrane the more particles can pass through at once

31
Q

What is osmosis

A

The diffusion of water through a dilute to a concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane

32
Q

Osmosis required practical

A

1)Cut up potatoes into identical cylinders and get beakers with different sugar solutions in them where one should be pure water and the other highly concentrated (1 mol/dm^3) and have a few others at different concentration levels (0.2 mol/dm^3-0.4 mol/dm^3-0.6 mol/dm^3)
2)measure the mass of cylinders and leave one cylinder in each beaker for 24 hours
3)take them out and dry them and measure their mass
4) create a table and record the results

33
Q

What is active transport

A

Active transport moves substances from a dilute concentration to a more concentrated solution (against a concentration gradient) and requires energy from respiration

34
Q

What does active transport allow mineral ions to do

A

to be absorbed into the plant root hairs from very dilute solutions in the soil and plant requires ions for healthy growth

35
Q

What can active transport be used for sugar molecules

A

allows sugar molecules to be absorbed from low concentrations in the gut into the blood which has a higher sugar concentration and can be used for cell respiration

35
Q

What is a surface area to volume ratio

A

how easy it is for an organism to exchange substances with the environment. The larger the organism the smaller its surface area is compared to the volume

36
Q

why is an exchange surface needed

A

Multicellular organisms have a smaller surface area compared to their volume so not enough substances can diffuse from their outside surface to supply their entire volume.

37
Q

features of an exchange surface area

A

1)Thin membrane for short diffusion pathway
2)Large surface area so lots of substances can diffuse at once
3) lots of blood vessels to get stuff in and out quickly
4) gas exchange surfaces in animals are ventilated too

38
Q

what are adaptations of alveoli

A

specialized to maximize the diffusion of O2 and CO2
1)large surface area
2)moist lining for dissolving gas
3)very thin walls
4)a good blood supply

39
Q

How are villi adapted

A

Increase surface area in a big way so digested food is more quickly in the blood
1) a single layer of surface cells
2)good blood supply to assist in quick absorption

40
Q

How is the leaf structured for diffusion

A

1) underneath of leaf is covered in stomata which CO2 can diffuse through
2)O2 and water vapour also diffuse out through the stomata
3)Stomata are controlled by guard cells
4)flattened shape of leaf increases area of exchange surface
5)walls of cells inside leaf form another exchange surface and air spaces inside the leaf increase the area of this surface so there’s more CO2 to get into cells

41
Q

What are gills

A

the gas exchange in a fish so water containing oxygen enters the fish through the mouth and passes out the gills. This allows oxygen to diffuse from the water into the blood in the gills and carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the water

42
Q

what are the adaptations of gills

A

1) made of Gill filaments that give it a big surface area
2)filaments covered in lamellae which increase surface area more
3)lamellae have blood capillaries to speed up diffusion
4)thin surface area of cells for a short distance of diffusion
5)Blood flows through lamellae in one direction and water flows in opposite direction maintaining a large concentration gradient
6)concentration of oxygen is higher than in the blood so more oxygen can diffuse from water into the blood

GCSE AQA COMBINED BIOLOGY P1 (4 decks)

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