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Biology > B1 Cell Biology > Flashcards

B1 Cell Biology Flashcards

enzymes, digestive system, the lungs, the heart, cancer, NCD, food tests, transpiration, the blood, nutrients

1
Q

what is an organelle?

A

different parts of the cell
-e.g nucleus and mitochondria

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2
Q

what is a eukaryotic cell?

A

a cell that has a nucleus

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3
Q

what is a prokaryotic cell?

A

a cell without a nucleus

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4
Q

what is the function the cell wall?

A

to provide structure and support

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5
Q

what is the cell wall made of?

A

cellulose
- gives strength to the cell and supports the plant

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6
Q

what is the function the cell membrane?

A

controls what enter and leaves the cell

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7
Q

what is the function of cytoplasm?

A

where most of the cell’s reactions take place
- its is a fluid inside the cell.

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8
Q

what is the function of the chloroplast?

A

where photosynthesis takes place

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9
Q

what is the function of the mitochondria?

A

where respiration takes place

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10
Q

what is the function of the nucleus?

A

-controls the activities of the cell
- contains genetic information

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11
Q

what is the function of ribosomes?

A

where protein synthesis takes place

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12
Q

what is the function of the vacuole?

A

stores sap

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13
Q

what is sap?

A

an energy store that helps with water movement

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14
Q

what are 5 similarities of animal and plant cells?

A

cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, ribosomes, mitochondria

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15
Q

what are 3 differences of plant and animal cells?

A

cell wall, vacuole, chloroplast are only found in plant cells

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16
Q

what are the plasmids and their function

A
  • additional genetic material
  • acts as vehicles or vectors to introduce foreign DNA to bacteria
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17
Q

what is the flagellum and its function?

A

the tail that helps the cell move around

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18
Q

what is the function of the capsule?

A

protect cell from ingestion and WBC

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19
Q

what are 3 similarities of prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

cytoplasm, cell membrane and cell wall

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20
Q

what are the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

-prokaryotes have:
free DNA, no mitochondria, plasmid in DNA and are 10x smaller
-eukaryotes have:
DNA in the nucleus and contain mitochondria

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21
Q

magnification equation

A

image size/actual size

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22
Q

magnification equation 2

A

eyepiece lens x objective lens

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23
Q

micrometer —> nanometers

A

x1000

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24
Q

nanometer —> micrometer

A

divide 1000

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25
Q

millimetres—> micrometers

A

x1000

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26
Q

micrometers —-> millimetres

A

divide 1000

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27
Q

microscopy practical
viewing onion cells

A

.

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28
Q

Microscopy practical
viewing cheek cells under a microscope

A

.

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29
Q

What are specialised cells designed for?

A

To carry out specific functions in the body

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30
Q

What are red blood cells?

A

cell in blood that carries oxygen to the body

31
Q

Red Blood Cells
- adaptations (3)

A

Adaptations:
1.has bioconcave shape —> increase the S.A

  1. no nucleus —> more room for oxygen
  2. contains hemogloblin
32
Q

what does hemogloblin do?

A

transports oxygen from the lungs to tissues through out the body

  • carries CO2 back to the lungs
33
Q

what is the function of nerve cells?

A

-allows communication between different parts of the brain
- carry nerve impulses to and from the brain

34
Q

Nerve Cells
- Adaptations (4)

A

Adaptations
1. cell is long —> allows transmissions of nerve impulses at long distances
2. fatty tissues surround the cell —> speed up and insulate transmissions
3. many dendrites —> to form many connections with many other never cells and pass on impulses
4. long thin axon —> allows impulses to travel along the cell

35
Q

what are Dendrites designed for?

A

designed to receive communication from other cells

36
Q

what is the function of the sperm cell?

A

fertilises an egg
- swim to the ovum for fertilisation

37
Q

Sperm cell
- adaptations (4)

A

Adaptations:
1. nucleus contains genetic material
2. has a tail —-> to swim faster
3. has a mid-piece that is full of mitochondria —> to produce energy
4. contains enzymes to break into the ovum

38
Q

what is the function of the muscle cell?

A
  • contract and relax
  • allows movement
39
Q

Muscle Cell-
Adaptations (2)

A

Adaptions:
1.grouped together —> to form a muscle tissue
2. contains lots of mitochondria —> to release more energy

40
Q

what is the function of the phloem cell? (2)

A

-transport and distribute nutrients
- transport sugars around the plant

41
Q

Phloem Cell
-Adaptations (3)

A

Adaptations:
1. has sieve tubes —> for transport
2. no nuclei
3. has companion cells —> provides energy

42
Q

Xylem Cell
-Function
-Adaptations (2)

A

Function: transport water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant
Adaptation:
1. Lignin —> strengthens cell
2. Lose their end walls —> so the xylem forms a continuous hollow tube

43
Q

what is the function of palisade cells

A

to stop water from leaving and stopping unwanted substances getting in

44
Q

What are the adaptations (3) of palisade cells?

A
  1. packed with many chloroplast –. so can absorb more energy from the sun for photosynthesis
  2. colum shaped
  3. arranged closely together
45
Q

what is the function of root hair cells?

A

take up water and mineral ions for the plant

46
Q

what are the adaptations of root hair cells?

A

large surface area —> to take up lots of water

47
Q

what are ciliated epithelial cells?

A

found in lungs and oviducts

48
Q

what are the adaptations of ciliated epithelial cells?

A

have a cilia to transport mucus or an ovum

49
Q

What are stem cells?

A

undifferentiated cells that can become any type of cell

  • all the cells in our body are derived from stem cells
50
Q

What is differentiation

A

the process where cells become specialised for a specific function

51
Q

Give 6 advantages of embryonic stem cells

A
  1. painless technique
  2. treats many diseases
  3. can become any type of cell
  4. can create many embryos from the lab
  5. can come from donations
  6. there is a low chance of the patients immune system rejecting the cells
52
Q

Give 5 disadvantages of embryonic stem cells

A
  1. unreliable —> if gets out of control can develop into cancer tumour
  2. very expensive—> £5,000 for a few cells
  3. possible long term effects
  4. ethical issues
  5. destroying embryo = destroying a life
53
Q

Give 6 advantages of adult stem cells

A
  1. no ethical issues
  2. reliable technique
  3. quick recovery
  4. adult can give permission
  5. cheaper —. £1,000 for many cells
  6. the procedure is mostly safe
54
Q

Give 5 disadvantages of adult stem cells

A
  1. risk of infection
  2. only treats a few diseases
  3. painful procedure
  4. high chance of patient’s immune system rejecting the cells
  5. each stem cell divides every 4 hours
55
Q

What is theraputic cloning?

A

wanting to have more stem cells on purpose
- when stem cells are used to grow organs for transplant

56
Q

What are the steps for therapeutic cloning

A
  1. Body cells are taken from the patient
  2. The nucleus is separated from the cell
  3. the nucleus of the patient’s cell is fused with empty egg from the donor
  4. the cell is stimulated to divide and develop into an embryo
  5. stem cells are ready for therapeutic use
57
Q

What are the 3 adaptions of the small intestine

A
  1. folded surface (villi) —> increases the S.A which means more space for the diffusion of gases
    2.good blood supply
    - maintains the conc gradient
    - transports substances to and from the cell
  2. one cell is thin —> shortens the diffusion distance
58
Q

Lungs & Alveoli adapataions (4)

A
  1. folded surface (alveoli) —> larger S.A and short diffusion pathway
  2. good blood supply —> maintains conc gradient
  3. thin wall —> minimises diffusion distance
  4. moist —> gases can dissolve in the membrane
59
Q

what are the adaptations fish gills (3)

A
  1. folded surface ( gill filaments) —> large S.A : Vol ratio —> speeds up diffusion
  2. good blood supply —-> maintains the conc gradient
    - transports oxygen
  3. thin wall —> minimises diffusion
60
Q

Root adaptations (3)

A
  1. large S.A: Vol ratio —> speeds up diffusion
  2. Thin —> short diffusion pathway
  3. Contains lots of mitochondria —> provides energy to absorb mineral ions
61
Q

What is active transport?

A

the movement of particles from an area is lower concentration to an area of higher concentration
across a semi permeable membrane requiring energy from respiration

  • low —> high
  • substances move again conc gradient
  • requires energy from the cell
  • contains mitochondria
62
Q

What is osmosis

A

the movement of water molecules from an area of high water concentration to an area of lower water concentration through a partially permeable membrane

  • high —> low
  • water moves down a conc gradient
  • no energy is required
63
Q

What is diffusion?

A

the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

  • high –> low
  • move down conc gradient
  • no energy required
64
Q

What are the factors affecting the rate of diffusion (3)

A
  1. Temperature
    higher temp —> particles carry more energy —> higher rate of diffusion
  2. Surface area
    larger S.A —> more contact —> higher rate of diffusion
    3.Diffusion distance
    shorter diffusion distance —> higher rate of diffusion
65
Q

what are the similarites of osmosis, diffusion and active transport?

A
  1. partially permeable membrane
  2. root hair cell
  3. movement of substances
66
Q

how does bacteria reproduce?

A

binary fission

67
Q

what do you grow bacteria on?

A

an agar plate

68
Q

what is mitosis?

A
69
Q

what is stage 1 of mitosis called? what happens?

A

interphase
- the chromosomes replicate and other sub-cellular structures

70
Q

explain the steps for mitosis

A

interphase: the chromosomes replicate and other subcellular structures
mitosis (1): the chromosomes lines up in the centre of the cell and the organelles move to opposite ends of the cell
mitosis (2): the cell begins to split
mitosis (3): the nucleus divides
cytokinesis: the cytoplasm divides and new cell membranes form to produce 2 identical daughter cells

71
Q

list 4 reasons for mitosis

A
  • growth for multicellular organism
  • repair of damaged tissues
  • replacement of cells
  • asexual reproduction
72
Q

What do bine marrow stem cells differentiate to form? E.g?

A

Differentiate to form alls found in our blood e.g WBC RBC platelets

73
Q

What is leukaemia? How is it treated?

A
  • A cancer of the bone marrow
    Treatment:
    1. the patient’s existing bone marrow is destroyed using radiation.
    2. The patient then receives a transplant o bone marrow from a donor
    3. The stem cells in the bone marrow now divine and form new bone marrow. They also differentiate and form blood cells.
74
Q

What can therapeutic cloning be used to treat? ()

A

Diabetes or paralysis

Biology (16 decks)

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