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Biology > B1 - Cell biology > Flashcards

B1 - Cell biology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 main structures found in an animal cell?

A

Cell membrane - controls passage of substances in and out of the cell

Nucleus - contains all the DNA and controls the activities of the cell

Cytoplasm - liquid gel in which all the organelles are suspended

Mitochondria - respiration takes place here releasing energy for the cell

Ribosomes - protein synthesis takes place here

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2
Q

What structures do plant cells contain?

A

All the components of animal cells

Cell wall made of cellulose that strengthens the cell

Chloroplasts are found in the green parts of a plant, and they contain chlorophyll which absorbs light for the plant to photosynthesise

Permanent vacuole which contains the cytoplasm, and helps keep the cell rigid

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3
Q

What are examples of eukaryotic cells?

A

Animal and plant cells

They contain a cell membrane, cytoplasm and genetic material is contained within a nucleus

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4
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

Bacteria are examples. Prokaryotic cells are 1 to 2 orders of magnitude smaller than eukaryotic cells, and their genetic information is not enclosed in a nucleus, but found free in the cytoplasm

They also contain extra small rings of DNA called plasmids that can code for specific features such as antibiotic resistance.

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5
Q

What is a specialised cell, and how is it formed?

A

A specialised cell is adapted to perform a particular function, and it is formed by differentiation of cells at an early stage of development.

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6
Q

How is a sperm cell adapted to its function?

A

Long tail helps move the sperm towards the egg

Lots of mitochondria which provides energy for the tail to move

Large nucleus to pass on the genetic information.

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7
Q

How are root hair cells specialised?

A

Increase the surface area for absorption of water

Contain lots of mitochondria to transfer the energy needed for active transport

Contain a large permanent vacuole that speeds up the movement of water

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8
Q

How are xylem cells specialised?

A

Cell walls made of lignin which makes them impermeable and very strong

Hollow tube for the water to move up them easily

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9
Q

How are phloem cells specialised>

A

Sieve plates between the cells allow water carrying dissolved food to move freely up and down the tubes.

Lots of mitochondria to transfer the energy needed to move the dissolved food up and down the tube.

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10
Q

Define diffusion.

A

The passive movement of a substance from a area of high concentration of that substance to an area of low concentration of that substance.

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11
Q

What affects the rate of diffusion>

A

A higher temperature speeds up diffusion

A higher concentration gradient (difference in concentration) speeds up diffusion, whereas a lower concentration gradient slows down the rate of diffusion.

A larger surface area increases the rate of diffusion.

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12
Q

What is the net movement?

A

Net movement = (Particles moving in) - (particles moving out)

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13
Q

What is an example of diffusion in the body?

A

Gas exchange in the lungs

Movement of oxygen from lungs into the red blood cells.

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14
Q

Define osmosis

A

The movement of water particles from a high water concentration (i.e. a dilute concentration) to a low water concentration (i.e. a concentrated solution) through a partially permeable membrane.

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15
Q

What solution in regards to a cell when it has a the same concentration as the cell?

A

Isotonic

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16
Q

What is a solution when it has a lower concentration than a cell?

A

HypOtonic

O - lOwer

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17
Q

What is a solution when is has a higher concentration than a cell?

A

HypERtonic

ER - highER

18
Q

What is active transport?

A

Active transport is the movement of substances from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution against a concentration gradient. It uses energy released from food during respiration.

19
Q

What structure in a cell is usually in abundance whenever active transport is required?

A

mitochondria

20
Q

What is an example of when active transport is used in plants?

A

Mineral ions are found in dilute solutions in the soil, which is more dilute than the solution in the plant root hair cells.

21
Q

What is an example of when active transport is used in the body?

A

Glucose is moved into the bloodstream from the guts when it is against a concentration gradient.

22
Q

How is having a larger surface area to volume ratio an important adaptation in organisms?

A

A short distance for diffusion while having a large enough surface to diffuse through.

23
Q

How does having an efficient blood supply improve exchange of materials?

A

Moves the diffusing substances away from the exchange surface so more substances can diffuse, maintaining a steep concentration gradient.

24
Q

What is a gene?

A

A small packet of information that controls characteristics of the body.

25
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

A group of genes that carries genetic information about cells, tissues and organs.

26
Q

What is DNA

A

The unique molecule that makes up the chromosome.

27
Q

What is the name given the the process of cell division?

A

Mitosis - producing two identical cells

28
Q

Why is cell division by mitosis essential?

A

For regular, healthy growth

Repairing of replacement of cells, as 300 million cells die per minute.

29
Q

What is the first stage of mitosis?

A

DNA replicates to form two copies of each chromosome and the cells grow bigger

30
Q

What is the second stage of mitosis?

A

The chromosomes are pulled to different sides of the cell

31
Q

What is the third cell of mitosis?

A

The cell membrane and cytoplasm divide into two identical cells.

32
Q

What is the name given to the cell that produced the new cells?

A

Parent cell

33
Q

What is the name given to the cells that were created?

A

Daughter cells

34
Q

What specific type of cells are able to differentiate?

A

Stem cells can differentiate into specialised cells e.g. nerve cells and muscle cells

35
Q

What are the undifferentiated cells in a plant called?

A

Meristems

36
Q

What is the name of the process of producing identical offspring?

A

Cloning

37
Q

What is the name of the single new cell formed when an egg and sperm fuse?

A

Zygote

38
Q

What could embryonic stem cells be used for?

A

Growing new cells

Growing new organs, perhaps for transplants

Treating diseases

39
Q

What could plant stem cells be used for?

A

Preserving rare plant species

Producing plants for selling

Producing crops with special features such as disease resistance

40
Q

What are some of the main arguments against stem cell development?

A

They come from aborted or spare embryos, which had a potential to be a human, so this could be a violation of human rights.

They have only been in development for around 20 years, so the signals that control differentiation are not yet fully understood.

As embryonic stem cells divide and grow rapidly, there is a concern that stem cell treatment could cause cancer in patients.

The stem cells could be infected with viruses, posing the risk of contamination, or they could be rejected by the immune system.

A lot of money is being spent on stem cell research, and people argue that it could be used elsewhere more usefully.

41
Q

Where can adult stem cells be predominantly found?

A

In bone marrow

Biology (5 decks)

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