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Biology > B1 - Cell Biology > Flashcards

B1 - Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Why not use coarse focus knob on high power magnification

A

Moved stage too much- may break lens and slide

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2
Q

Structures in body adapted to increase diffusion rate

A

Alveoli
Villi

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3
Q

Lignin

A

Substance in xylem cells that allows them to withstand high water pressure

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4
Q

Specialised plant cells that make up tissue for transporting water

A

Xylem cells

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5
Q

Alveoli Specialisations

A
  • Large surface area - about 75m²
  • Most lining for dissolving gases
  • Thin walls
  • Good blood supply
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6
Q

Why is the cell cycle needed

A

For growth, development, repair

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7
Q

2 things stem cells do

A

Differentiate
Replicate

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8
Q

2 types of stem cells

A

Embryonic
Adult

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9
Q

Where are adult stem cells

A

Bone marrow

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10
Q

Describe cells produced in mitosis

A

Identical to original cell with same number of chromosomes

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11
Q

What happens to SA:Vol as an organism gets bigger

A

Decreases

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12
Q

Substances moved into plants by active transport

A

Mineral ions

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13
Q

Where is active transport used in plants

A

Root hair cells

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14
Q

Substance moved by active transport into cells of small intestine

A

Glucose

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15
Q

What cell replicates binary fission

A

Prokaryotic

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16
Q

Why do root hair cells contain mitochondria

A

To provide energy for active transport

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17
Q

Photosynthesis type of reaction

A

Endothermic

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18
Q

Plant organ systems

A

Leaves
Stems
Roots

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19
Q

Single-celled organisms surface area: volume ratio

A

High

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20
Q

Prokaryote type of organism

A

Single-celled

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21
Q

What is in the cytoplasm

A

Enzymes

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22
Q

Function of enzymes in cytoplasm

A

Control chemical reactions

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23
Q

Mitochondria type of respiration

A

Aerobic

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24
Q

How do electron microscopes form an image

A

Electrons

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25
Q

Resolution

A

Ability to distinguish between to points

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26
Q

Outer layer of onion

A

Epidermal tissue

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27
Q

How to apply cover slip

A
  • stand cover slip upright on slide
  • carefully tilt and lower slip onto specimen
  • avoid air bubbles (will obstruct view)
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28
Q

Viewing slide with light microscope

A
  • clip slide to stage
  • start with lowest objective lens
  • move stage up to lens
  • move stage down until roughly in focus
  • adjust with fine focus
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29
Q

What makes up eukaryotes

A

Eukaryotic cells

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30
Q

What subcellular structures can be viewed with electron microscope

A

Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
Ribosomes
Plasmids

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31
Q

Total magnification

A

Eyepiece lens power X objective lens power

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32
Q

What is placed on slide first

A

Water droplet

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33
Q

What to do if image not focusing on microscope

A

Lower objectifying power, move stage down

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34
Q

Other name for eyepiece lens

A

Ocular

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35
Q

Uses of glucose in plants

A
  • respiration
  • make cellulose, strengthen cell wall
  • make starch for storage
  • make lipids as energy store
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36
Q

Cell that contains lots of chloroplast for photosynthesis

A

Palisade mesophyll cells

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37
Q

Translocation

A

Process of transport of dissolved sugars in plants

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38
Q

Types of cell

A

Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic

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39
Q

Animal cells type of cell

A

Eukaryotic

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40
Q

Plant cells type of cell

A

Eukaryotic

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41
Q

Bacteria cells type of cell

A

Prokaryotic

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42
Q

Animal cells subcellular structures

A

Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Mitochondria
Ribosomes

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43
Q

Plant cell subcellular structures not in animal

A

Vacuole
Cell wall
Chloroplast

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44
Q

Nucleus

A
  • Contains cell DNA
  • Controls activity
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45
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Where most chemical reactions take place, contains enzymes to control reactions

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46
Q

Cell membrane

A

Controls substances coming in and out of cell

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47
Q

Mitochondria

A

Where reactions for aerobic respiration reactions happen to release energy for cell

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48
Q

Ribosomes

A

Synthesise proteins

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49
Q

Cell wall

A

Made of cellulose, supports and strengthens cell

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50
Q

Permanent vacuole

A
  • keeps plant turgid
  • contains cell sap
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51
Q

Cell sap

A

Weak solution of sugar and salts

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52
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Where photosynthesis occurs to make food for plant, contain chlorophyll to absorb light for photosynthesis

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53
Q

Bacteria cells subcellular structures

A

Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Cell wall
Plasmids
Strand of DNA
Flagellum
Pilus
Capsule

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54
Q

Plasmids

A

Small rings of DNA

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55
Q

Where is DNA in bacteria cells

A

Most floating in a stand in cytoplasm, some in plasmids

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56
Q

Prokaryotes features

A

Single celled organisms
Smaller than eukaryotic
No nucleus
Usually have cell wall, capsule

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57
Q

Eukaryotes features

A
  • has nucleus and mitochondria
  • bigger than prokaryotic cells
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58
Q

Pilus

A

Attaches cell to surfaces

59
Q

Flagellum

A

Enables movement of cell

60
Q

Capsule

A

Prevents cell drying out

61
Q

Parts of light microscope

A
  • eyepiece lens
  • objective lens
  • stage
  • stage clips
  • fine focus knob
  • coarse focus knob
  • mirror/bulb
62
Q

Eyepiece lens

A

Part you look through at top of microscope, standard magnification of X10

63
Q

Objective lens

A

Above stage, directly observes specimen

64
Q

Stage

A

Where specimen is placed

65
Q

Stage clips

A

Secure specimen slide to stage

66
Q

Fine focus knob

A

Makes small changes to fine tune focus

67
Q

Mirror/bulb

A

Reflects/projects light onto specimen

68
Q

Why add a stain to a slide

A

Highlight objects in a cell by adding colour

69
Q

What happens when a plant loses lots of water

A

It becomes plasmolysed (cell membrane shrinks away from cell wall)

70
Q

What do plants need to produce proteins

A
  • glucose
  • nitrate ions
71
Q

Specialised animal cells

A
  • sperm cell
  • egg cell
  • nerve cell
  • ciliated cells
  • red blood cells
  • muscle cells
  • villi
72
Q

Sperm cell function

A

Male sex cell made in testes, fertilise an egg to make an embryo

73
Q

Sperm cell adaptations

A
  • tail to aid movement
  • many mitochondria to release energy for movement
  • acrosome releases enzymes to digest egg membrane
  • haploid nucleus contains DNA for fertilisation
74
Q

Egg cell function

A

Female sex cell made in ovaries, join with sperm cell to form an embryo

75
Q

Egg cell adaptations

A
  • cytoplasm contains nutrients for growth
  • haploid nucleus contains genetic material
  • cell membrane changes after fertilisation so no more sperm enters
76
Q

Nerve cell function

A

Transmit electrical signals around the body

77
Q

Nerve cell adaptations

A
  • can be more than 1 metre long in spinal cord to carry messages up and down body quickly
  • branched connections to connect to each other and transmit messages round the body
  • myelin sheath surrounds them to increase speed of messages
78
Q

Ciliated cell function

A

Move mucus along the airways

79
Q

Ciliated cells adaptations

A
  • tiny hairs beat in a rhythm
  • hairs in ovaries beat to move egg from ovaries to uterus
80
Q

Red blood cell function

A

Transport oxygen from lungs to body cells

81
Q

Red blood cell adaptations

A
  • contain haemoglobin which carries oxygen molecules
  • No nucleus, more space for oxygen
  • biconcave shape - flat disk with dips on both sides to increase surface area
82
Q

Muscle cells function

A

Bundle together to make muscles, contract and relax

83
Q

Muscle muscle cells adaptations

A
  • cardiac muscle cells contract and relax to pump blood, never get tired
  • smooth muscle cells make thin sheets like in stomach lining
  • skeletal muscle joins to bones, contracts and relaxes to move joints and bones
84
Q

Types of muscle cells

A
  • heart
  • smooth
  • skeletal
85
Q

Villi function

A

Poke out to absorb digested food and water into the blood, in small intestine

86
Q

Villi adaptations

A
  • large surface area to increase absorption
  • thin walls, 1 cell thick for shorter diffusion path
87
Q

Specialised plant cells

A
  • xylem
  • phloem
  • palisade mesophyll
  • root hair
88
Q

Xylem cells function

A

transport water from the roots to parts of the plant

89
Q

Xylem cells adaptations

A
  • die and ends break down to form hollow tubes to carry water upwards for photosynthesis
  • thick cell walls support and hold up plant for photosynthesis and reproduction
90
Q

Phloem cells function

A

Transport sugary water from leaves to rest of plant

91
Q

Phloem cells adaptations

A
  • few subcellular structures so more can flow through
92
Q

Palisade cells function

A

major site of photosynthesis

93
Q

Palisade cells adaptations

A
  • towards top of leaves for maximum light
  • lots of chloroplasts
94
Q

Root hair cells function

A
  • hold plants up when growing
  • absorb water and minerals from soil
95
Q

Root hair cells adaptations

A
  • large surface area to increase rate of absorption
96
Q

Magnification triangle

A

I
A M

97
Q

When can animal cells differentiate

A

At the start of their lives

98
Q

When can plant cells differentiate

A

All throughout their lives

99
Q

Stages of the cell cycle

A
  • growth and DNA replication
  • mitosis
100
Q

Growth and DNA replication

A
  • DNA is all spread out
  • cell grows
  • organelles copy
  • DNA duplicates, forms X shaped chromosomes
101
Q

Mitosis

A
  • chromosomes line up, arms pulled to opposite ends of cell
  • nucleus divides into 2
  • cytoplasm and cell membrane divide
  • 2 genetically identical daughter cells are formed
102
Q

What can adult stem cells become

A

Blood cells

103
Q

What can embryonic stem cells become

A

Any type of specialised cell

104
Q

Stem cells

A

Undifferentiated cells

105
Q

Therapeutic cloning

A

An embryo is made to have the same genetic material as the patient so stem cells won’t be rejected

106
Q

Risks of using stem cells in medicine

A

Stem cells grown in a lab can become contaminated with a virus to give to the patient

107
Q

Reasons against stem cell research

A
  • people think humans embryos are potential human life
  • people think scientists should find other sources of stem cells, not embryos
108
Q

Reasons for stem cell research

A
  • people think cutting suffering people is more important that rights of embryos
  • most embryos used and unwanted and would be destroyed anyway
109
Q

Where are stem cells found in plants

A

Meristems

110
Q

Where are stem cells found in humans

A
  • embryos
  • bone marrow
111
Q

Benefits of plant stem cells

A
  • can produce clones of plants - preserve rare species
  • can produce identical plants with desired features - e.g. disease resistance
112
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of particles from an area of high concentration to lower concentration, down a concentration gradient

113
Q

What can diffuse

A
  • gases
  • solutions
    (particles free to move)
114
Q

Factors increasing diffusion rate

A
  • larger concentration gradient (difference)
  • higher temperature - more kinetic energy for particle’s movement
115
Q

Diffusion requirements

A

None

116
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of water molecules through a partially permeable membrane, from an area of high to low water concentration

117
Q

Osmosis requirements

A
  • partially permeable membrane
118
Q

RP1 - microscopy

A
  • water droplet
  • tweezers peel off epidermal tissue
  • place on slide with iodine
  • lower cover slip avoiding air bubbles
  • start with lowest power
  • gradually move stage up - coarse focus
  • fine focus
  • highest power to see more detail
  • draw with sharp pencil
  • unbroken lines
  • no shading
  • title
  • label
119
Q

RP2 - osmosis

A
  • cut potato to identical cylinders
  • weigh
  • put in solutions from water to very concentrated
  • dry and weigh again
  • find percentage change
120
Q

Active transport

A

Movement of particles from an area of low to high concentration, against a concentration gradient, requiring energy

121
Q

Active transport requirements

A
  • energy
122
Q

How do root hair cells absorb minerals

A

Active transport

123
Q

Why do root hair cells use active transport

A

Concentration of minerals is higher in the root hair cells than in the soil so can’t diffuse

124
Q

Main places where active transport is used

A
  • root hair cels
  • gut
125
Q

How is active transport used in the gut

A

When there is a higher concentration of nutrients in the blood than the gut, they are absorbed into the blood through active transport

126
Q

Parts of the body adapted exchanging substances

A
  • lungs
  • villi
127
Q

Alveoli

A

Air sacs where gas exchange takes place in the lungs

128
Q

Exchange surface in leaves

A

Stomata

129
Q

When do guard cells close the stomata

A

When the plant is losing more water than is being produced, stopping the plant wilting

130
Q

What diffuses in through the stomata

A

Carbon dioxide

131
Q

What diffuses out through the stomata

A

Oxygen

132
Q

Leaf adaptations for exchanging substances

A
  • flattened shape increases area
  • walls of cells in leaf form another exchange surface - air spaces in the leaf increases this area
133
Q

How does water vapour leave the leaf

A

Evaporates from inside the leaf, leaves through diffusion as there is more inside the leaf than in the air outside

134
Q

Exchange surface in fish

A

Gills

135
Q

How do fish get oxygen

A
  • water containing oxygen enters through the mouth and passes into gills
  • oxygen diffuses from water to blood
  • carbon dioxide diffuses from blood to water
136
Q

Gills adaptations

A
  • made of thin plates called fill filaments - increase surface area
  • filaments covered in lamella - further increases surface area
  • lamellae have lots of blood capillaries to speed up diffusion
137
Q

Molecules which can diffuse through a cell membrane

A
  • oxygen
  • glucose
  • amino acids
  • water
138
Q

Molecules which can’t diffuse through a cell membrane

A
  • starch
  • proteins
139
Q

Why do plants need mineral ions

A

For growth

140
Q

SA:V rule

A

The LARGER something is, the SMALLER it’s SA:V

141
Q

Exchange surfaces adaptations

A
  • thin membrane for short diffusion distance
  • large surface area for diffusing lots of substance at once
  • lots of blood vessels to get things in and out faster
  • well ventilated for air moving in and out
142
Q

Stages of cell cycle

A
  • growth and DNA replication
  • mitosis
143
Q

Which side of leaf has most stomata

A

Underside

Biology (6 decks)

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