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biology > b1. cell biology > Flashcards

b1. cell biology Flashcards

1
Q

name the five subcellular structures that both plant and animal cells have

A

-nucleus
-cytoplasm
-cell membrane
-mitochondria
-ribosomes

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2
Q

what are the 3 things plant cells have but animals cells dont

A

-cell wall
-permanent vacuole
-chloroplasts

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3
Q

what is the function of the nucleus

A

contains genetic material that controls the activities of the cell

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4
Q

what is the structure + function of the cytoplasm

A

gel-like substance where most of the CHEMICAL reactions happen. it contains enzymes that control these chemical reactions

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5
Q

what is the structure + function of the cell membrane

A

it holds the cell together and controls the MOLECULES that can enter and leave the cell

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6
Q

what is the function of the mitochondria

A

where aerobic respiration takes place, respiration transfers energy that the cell needs to work

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7
Q

what is the function of the Ribosomes

A

these are where pRoteins are made in the cell
site of pRoteinsynthesis

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8
Q

what is the structure + function of the rigid cell wall (plant cells only)

A

made of cellulose. it supports the cell and strengthens it

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9
Q

what is the structure + function of the permanent vacuole (plant cell only)

A

contains a cell sap, a weak solution of sugar and salts

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10
Q

what is the structure + function of the chloroplasts (plant cell only)

A

these are where photosynthesis occurs, which makes food for the plant. they contain a green substance called chlorophyll which absorbs the light needed for photosynthesis

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11
Q

what type of organisms are bacteria (prokaryotes or eukaryotes)

A

prokaryotes

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12
Q

which gives a higher resolution, light or electron microscope

A

electron microscopes

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13
Q

name one type of cell in a potato plant that does not contain chloroplasts

A

root hair cells

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14
Q

name two pieces of laboratory equipment a student could have used to
prepare cells to view using a microscope.

A

slide
stain/dye

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15
Q

Red blood cells are specialised animal cells. Compare the structure of a red blood cell with the structure of a plant cell.

A
  • red blood cells do not have a nucleus
  • red blood cells do not have a cell wall
  • red blood cell is a biconcave disc
  • plant cell does not contains haemoglobin
  • red blood cells are smaller than plant cells
  • plant cell has chloroplasts
  • they both have a cytoplasm and cell membrane and pigments
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16
Q

When placed into a beaker of water:
* a red blood cell bursts
* a plant cell does not burst.
Explain why the red blood cell bursts but the plant cell does not burst.

A

water enters the cell by osmosis/diffusion, plant cells have a cell wall which prevents it from bursting, where as a red blood cell does not have a cell wall

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17
Q

Plant cells absorb substances from the soil.
Plant cells use osmosis to absorb what?
Plant cells use active transport to absorb
what?
Active transport moves substances against the concentration gradient and
needs
what?

A
  1. water
  2. mineral ions
  3. energy
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18
Q

Describe how the hair root cell is adapted to increase the absorption of
substances from the soil.

A

large surface area

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19
Q

the nucleus of a cell contains DNA

name the structures inside the cell nucleus that contain DNA

A

chromosomes

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20
Q

what type of substance does a gene code for?

A

protein

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21
Q

what is the name of the type of cell division that produces sperm cells

A

meiosis

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22
Q

what type of cells are eukaryotes

A

animal and plant cells (they have a nucleus)

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23
Q

what is the definition of an eukaryotic cell

A

eukaryotic cells contain their genetic material (DNA) enclosed in a nucleus

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24
Q

what does a eukaryotic cell have

A

-cell membrane
-nucleus
-cytoplasm

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25
Q

what are prokaryotes and give example

A

bacterial cells
prokaryotic cells the genetic material is not enclosed in a nucleus

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26
Q

which are smaller? prokaryotes or eukaryotes

A

prokaryotes

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27
Q

what does the genetic material consist of in a prokaryotic cell

A

a single loop of dna
or
small rings of dna (plasmids)

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28
Q

what do prokaryotes consist of

A

-cell membrane
-cell wall
-loop of dna/plasmids
-cytoplasm

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29
Q

how much is 1 micrometer (µm) in meters

A

1 × 10to the(-6)

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30
Q

how many meters is one nanometer (nm)

A

1 x 10to the(-9)

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31
Q

where is haemoglobin found

A

red blood cells

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32
Q

whats the difference between shape of animal and plant cells

A

plant cells have a regular shape
animal cells can easily change their shape

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33
Q

why are most animal cells specialised

A

they have adaptations which help them carry out their particular function

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34
Q

what is it called when cells become specialised

A

differentiation

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35
Q

what is it called when a sperm cell joins with an ovum (egg cell)

A

fertilisation

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36
Q

what does a sperm cell contain

A

nucleus
tail
enzymes - digest their way through outer layer of egg cell
mitochondria- provide energy for swimming

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37
Q

whats the job of a nerve cell

A

send electrical impulses around the body

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38
Q

what does a nerve cell consist of

A

axon- carries electrical impulses
synapse- allow the impulse to pass from one nerve cell to another
myelin- insulates axon and speeds up the transmission of nerve impulses
dendrites- increase surface area so that other nerve cells can connect more easily

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39
Q

give some examples of specialised animal cells

A

muscle cells
nerve cells
sperm cells

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40
Q

what do muscle cells contain which allows them to change their length (contract)

A

protein fibres

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41
Q

what do protein fibres in muscle cells allow them to do

A

contract, the protein fibres shorten

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42
Q

what do muscle cells consist of

A

mitochondria-to provide energy for muscle contraction

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43
Q

what are some specialised plant cells

A

hair root cell
xylem
phloem

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44
Q

why are root hair cells covered in hair

A

these hairs increase surface area of the root, so it can absorb water and dissolved minerals more effectively

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45
Q

what does a root hair cell consist of

A

root hair-increase surface area
cell wall
vacuole
nucleus

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46
Q

why dont root hair cells have chloroplasts

A

they dont carry out photosynthesis so dont need light or energy -they are underground

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47
Q

where are xylems found and what do they form/do

A

in the plant stem, they form long tubes. these tubes carry water and dissolve minerals from the roots to the leaves

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48
Q

what do xylem cells consist of and what does it do

A

-thick walls containing lignin-provides support to the plant-lignin causes cells to die
-remains of end walls-the end walls between the cells have broken down, this means that the cells now form a long tube so water and dissolved minerals can flow easily

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49
Q

what do xylem cells not have and why

A

no nucleus, cytoplasm, vacuole, or chloroplasts
they have no internal structures-makes it easier for water and minerals to flow

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50
Q

what do phloem tubes carry

A

dissolved sugars up and down the plant

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51
Q

what does phloem consist of

A

-phloem vessel cells- no nucleus and limited cytoplasm
-sieve plates (pores)

these features allow dissolved sugars to move through the cell interior

each phloem vessel call has a companion cell connected by pored

mitochondria in the companion cell provide energy to the phloem vessel cell

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52
Q

how do bacteria multiply

A

by simple cell division

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53
Q

what is binary fission

A

one bacterial cell splits into 2 bacterial cells

54
Q

how often can bacteria carry out binary fission

A

once every 20 mins

55
Q

what’s the equation to work out number of bacteria after binary fission

A

number
of bacteria = 2^n

n=number of rounds of division

56
Q

how many chromosomes do body cells contain

A

body cells contain 2 of each chromosome

they are paired

57
Q

how many chromosomes does a human body contain

A

23 pairs of chromosomes

58
Q

are gamete chromosomes paired or not paired

A

gametes have chromosomes which are not paired

59
Q

what do chromosomes carry

A

a large amount of genes which determine many of our features

60
Q

what is the cell cycle

A

where cells divide

61
Q

what are the 2 ways in which cells divide

A

mitosis
meiosis

62
Q

describe the cell cycle + mitosis

A

first stage of cell cycle

-dna replicates to form 2 copies of each chromosome
-cell grows and copies its internal structures

second stage of cell cycle
-mitosis takes place
-one set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell. nucleus also divides

final stage
-cytoplasm and cell membrane divide to form 2 identical cells

63
Q

what are the functions of mitosis

A

-essential for growth and development of multicellular organisms (e.g. plants, animals)
-takes place when an organism repairs itself
-asexual reproduction

64
Q

what is mitosis essential for

A

growth and development of multicellular organisms

65
Q

when does mitosis take place

A

when an organism repairs itself (e.g a healing broken bone)

66
Q

is mitosis sexual or asexual reproduction

A

asexual reproduction

67
Q

what is a stem cell

A

an undifferentiated cell which can give rise to more cells of the same type and can differentiate to form other types of cells

68
Q

describe a bone marrow transplant

A

leukaemia - a cancer of the bone marrow
-patients existing bone marrow is destroyed using radiation
-patient receives a transplant of bone marrow from a donor
-stem cells in bone marrow now divide and form new bone marrow
-they also differentiate to form blood cells

69
Q

what are the problems with bone marrow transplants

A

-donor has to be compatible with patient, otherwise the white blood cells produced by donated bone marrow could attack the patients body
-risk of viruses being passed

70
Q

what can stem cells be used for

A

-bone marrow transplant
-therapeutic cloning

71
Q

what happens in therapeutic cloning

A

-an embryo is produced with the same genes as the patient
-once inside patient, stem cells can differentiate to replace cells which have stopped working correctly

72
Q

what can therapeutic cloning be used for

A

medical conditions such as diabetes, paralysis

73
Q

what type of stem cell tissue do roots and buds contain which can differentiate into any type of plant tissue

A

meristem tissue

74
Q

what is meristem tissue

A

type of stem cell that can differentiate into any type of plant tissue at any point of its life time

75
Q

what can meristem tissue be used for

A

-to clone a plant to stop it from going extinct

-produce cloned crop plants for farmers

76
Q

what is diffusion

A

diffusion is the spreading out of particles resulting in a net movement from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

77
Q

what are 3 molecules that move in and out of cells by diffusion

A

oxygen
carbon dioxide
urea

78
Q

what do cells need oxygen for

A

respiration

79
Q

what are cells surrounded by

A

a high concentration of oxygen

80
Q

how do oxygen molecules move into a cell

A

oxygen molecules move into the cell by diffusion from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

81
Q

describe the diffusion in cells by oxygen

A

-oxygen molecules move into the cell by diffusion from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
-oxygen is used to energy in respiration and this produces the waste gas(co2)
-this means that there is a higher concentration of co2 inside the cell than outside
-the co2 moves out of the cell by diffusion

82
Q

how is urea diffused out of cells

A

urea is a waste product produced inside cells

it diffuses out of the cells into the blood plasma and is excreted by the kidneys

83
Q

what are the factors in which rate of diffusion is affected

A

-difference of concentrations (the greater the concentration gradient, the faster diffusion takes place)

-temperature (the higher the temp, the greater the rate of diffusion-particles have more kinetic energy and are moving faster)

-surface area of the membrane (the larger the surface area, the greater the rate of diffusion)

84
Q

as organisms get larger, what happens to the surface area to volume ratio

why is it a problem for multicellular organisms

A

gets smaller

-their surface area is not large enough for their volume

85
Q

what is osmosis

A

osmosis is the diffusion of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane

86
Q

what does a partially permeable membrane do

A

allows some molecules to pass through, but not all molecules

87
Q

what is active transport

A

active transport moves substances from a more dilute solution to a concentrated solution (against the concentration gradient)

this requires energy from respiration

88
Q

what is the difference between diffusion and active transport

A

in diffusion-particles move down the concentration gradient
in active transport-particles move against the concentration gradient

diffusion does not require energy from respiration, active transport does require energy from respiration

89
Q

examples of active transport

A

-lumen of small intestine
-in root hair cells in plants

90
Q

what does the circulatory system consist of

A

blood vessels: arteries, veins, capillaries

91
Q

what are the 4 main components of blood

A

plasma, white blood cells, red blood cells, platelets

92
Q

what kind of reaction is respiration and photosynthesis

A

exothermic

93
Q

what happens in respiration

A

breaks down glucose to release energy

94
Q

give an example of respiration

A

muscle contraction

95
Q

what is aerobic respiration and where does it take place

A

breaking down glucose with oxygen to release energy

mostly in mitochondria

96
Q

balanced word equation for aerobic respiration

A

6O2+C6H12O6->6H2O+6CO2

97
Q

whats anaerobic respiration

A

breaking down glucose without oxygen

98
Q

whats the word equation for anaerobic respiration

A

glucose->lactic acid

99
Q

whats the word equation for anaerobic respiration in PLANTS and YEAST

A

glucose->ethanol+carbon dioxide

100
Q

what id the process for anaerobic respiration in yeast called

A

fermentation

101
Q

explain why anaerobic respiration is less efficient than aerobic respiration

A

glucose doesn’t get fully broken down so less energy is released

102
Q

what is a tissue

A

a group of cells with a similar structure and function

103
Q

whats an organ and example

A

a group of tissues working together for a specific function e.g the stomach

the stomach contains muscle tissue and glandular tissue which releases enzymes

104
Q

whats an organ system

A

organs grouped together which work together to form
organisms

105
Q

what three main nutrients does food contain and why do they have to be digested

A

carbohydrates (starch), protein, lipids (fats)

have to be digested because they are large molecules and they are too large to be absorbed into the bloodstream

106
Q

what happens during digestion

A

large food molecules are broken down into small molecules by enzymes. the small molecules can then be absorbed into the bloodstream

107
Q

explain how food is digested

A

food is chewed in the mouth, enzymes in the saliva begin to digest the starch into smaller sugar molecules

the food then passes down the oesophagus into the stomach. in the stomach, enzymes begin the digestion of proteins (stomach contains hydrochloric acid which helps the enzymes to digest proteins)

churning action of stomach muscles turns the food into a fluid increasing the surface area for enzymes to digest

fluid passes into small intestine
chemicals are released into small intestine from liver and pancreas

pancreas releases enzymes which continue the digestion of starch and protein
they also start the digestion of lipids
liver releases bile which helps speed up the digestion of lipids(fats). bile also neutralises the acid released from the stomach

in small intestine the food molecules produced by digestion are absorbed into bloodstream either by different or active transport

fluid makes its way through large intestine where water is absorbed into bloodstream

faeces is released from the body

108
Q

what are the products of digestion used for

A

used by the body to build new carbohydrates lipids and proteins

some of the glucose produced is used in respiration

109
Q

what does saliva contain

A

amylase (an enzyme)

110
Q

what are the three enzymes

A

protease
amylase
lipase

111
Q

what does PROtease do and where is it produces

A

converts PROteins into amino acids

produced in pancreas and small intestine and stomach

112
Q

what does amylaSe do and where is it produced

A

Starch produced in Salivary glands

produced in pancreas and small intestine

113
Q

what does LIPase do and where is it produced

A

LIPids are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol

114
Q

what does liver produce

A

bile which is stored in gall bladder before going into small intestine

115
Q

what does bile do

A

emulsifies lipids to form droplets increasing their surface area

116
Q

what does the pancreas do

A

secrete amylase which breaks down starch into glucose in the small intestine

117
Q

what does the stomach contain and do

A

contains hydrochloric acid and enzymes that chemically break down food

118
Q

what is absorbed into the bloodstream in the large intestine

A

water

119
Q

what happens if u increase temp of enzymes

A

rate of reaction increases with temperature until the enzyme denatures so the active site changed shape (same for pH)

120
Q

what do enzymes do

A

often break down molecules into shorter ones (polymers into monomers)

121
Q

what are enzymes

A

special proteins that act as biological catalysts

122
Q

how are alveoli adapted and what are they

A

they are air sacks
have a large surface area to allow gas exchange to occur at a fast rate

123
Q

describe how blood travels through the heart

A

on the right side, oxygenated blood through the vena cava into the right atrium and into the right ventricle, which has a valve preventing backflow

heart muscles contact and blood goes through pulmonary artery to the lungs

then come back into heart through pulmonary vein into left atrium and then into left ventricle then out into body through aorta

left side of heart has thicker walls due to the higher pressure needed to pump blood around the body

124
Q

what do the veINs do and describe them

A

carry blood INto the heart

thIN walls due to low blood pressure

contain Valves to prevent backflow

125
Q

what does the Artery do and whats the structure

A

carries blood Away from the heart and has thick walls

no valves present

126
Q

describe capillaries structure and function

A

one Cell thick - so that oxygen and carbon dioxide can diffuse easily

-narrow lumen and high blood pressure

127
Q

what does the pulmonary vein do

A

takes the oxygenated blood from LUNGS into HEART

128
Q

what does the aorta do

A

take blood away from the heart into the rest of the body

129
Q

pulmonary artery does what

A

take deoxygenated blood to the LUNGs

130
Q

what does the aorta do

A

take’s deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart

biology (5 decks)

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