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UK GCSE Biology > B1 Cell Biology > Flashcards

B1 Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Prokaryotic Cell?

A

Small, simple cells which often form single-cellular organisms
(e.g: bacteria)

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2
Q

What is a Eukaryotic Cell?

A

Complex cells which often form multi cellular life forms

e.g: animals

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3
Q

Describe the Nucleus

A

Contains the cells genetic material

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4
Q

In which cells can a Nucleus be found?

A

Any Eukaryotic cell

See Figure 1

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5
Q

In which cells can Cytoplasm be found?

A

Any cell

See Figure 1/2

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6
Q

In which cells can Cell Membranes be found?

A

Any Cell

See Figure 1/2

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7
Q

In which cells can Cell Walls be found?

A

Eukaryotic plant cells and Prokaryotic cells

See Figure 1/2

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8
Q

In which cells can Chloroplasts be found?

A

Only Eukaryotic plant cells

See Figure 1

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9
Q

In which cells can Ribosomes be found?

A

Any Eukaryotic cell

See Figure 1

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10
Q

In which cells can Mitochondria be found?

A

Any Eukaryotic cell

See Figure 1

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11
Q

In which cells can Plasmids be found?

A

Any Prokaryotic cell

See Figure 2

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12
Q

In which cells can a Vacuole be found?

A

Eukaryotic plant cells

See Figure 1

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13
Q

Describe the Cytoplasm

A

Gel like substance where most of the chemical reactions occur.

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14
Q

Describe the Plasmids

A

Small Rings of DNA

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15
Q

Describe the Vacuole

A

Contains cell sap to strengthen the cell

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16
Q

Describe the Mitochondria

A

Powerhouse of the cell

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17
Q

Describe the Ribosomes

A

Where protein synthesis occurs

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18
Q

Describe the Chloroplasts

A

Contains chlorophyll - where photosynthesis occurs

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19
Q

Describe the Cell Wall

A

Made of cellulose - strengthens the cell

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20
Q

Describe the Cell Membrane

A

Controls what enters and leaves the cell - holds the cell together

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21
Q

What is the difference between a light and an electron microscope?

A

Light -
Use light and lenses to form an image of a specimen and magnify it
Can see individual cells and large sub-cellular structures
Electron -
Use electrons to form an image
Have higher resolution and magnification
Can see smaller internal structures

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22
Q

How do you calculate magnification?

A

image size/ real size

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23
Q

What is a slide?

A

A strip of clear glass or plastic on which a specimen can be mounted before seeing it on a microscope

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24
Q

Which lens should you use first on a light microscope?

A

The lowest-powered objective lens

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25
Q

What does the coarse adjustment knob on the microscope do?

A

Moves the stage up and down

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26
Q

What does the fine adjustment knob on the microscope do?

A

Correct the resolution

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27
Q

What do you change if you want greater magnification on a microscope?

A

Use a higher-powered objective lens

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28
Q

What is differentiation

A

A process by which cells change and become specified to their function

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29
Q

Until when can animal cells undergo differentiation?

A

Lost at an early stage, after becoming specialised

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30
Q

Until when can plant cells undergo differentiation?

A

Forever

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31
Q

Define Stem Cell

A

An undifferentiated cell

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32
Q

How is a sperm cell specialised?

A

Long tail and streamline head to swim to the egg
Many mitochondria for energy
Carries enzymes in the head to digest the egg membrane

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33
Q

How is a nerve cell specialised?

A

Very long

Branched connectives to connect to other nerve cells and form a network

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34
Q

How is a muscle cell specialised?

A

Long so that they can contract

Many mitochondria for energy

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35
Q

How is a root hair cell specialised?

A

Large surface area for absorbing most water and mineral ions

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36
Q

How is a phloem cell specialised?

A

Few sub cellular structures so that substances can flow through

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37
Q

How is a xylem cell specialised?

A

No sub cellular structures so that substances can flow through

38
Q

What is contained by the nucleus?

A

Genetic Information

39
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Coiled up lengths of DNA

40
Q

What are genes?

A

A section of a chromosome which controls a certain characteristic
A single chromosome may contain many

41
Q

How many chromosomes in most cells?

A 
23 pairs (46 total)
(egg and sperm have only 23 chromosomes)
42
Q

How do body cells reproduce?

A

Divide

43
Q

What is the name of the process during which cells are dividing?

A

Mitosis

44
Q

What is the name of the time during which cells are not actively dividing?

A

Interphase

45
Q

What is Cytokinesis?

A

The section of mitosis when the cell splits into two daughter cells

46
Q

What happens in a cell during interphase?

A

Growing and increasing amount of sub-cellular structures

Create exact copies of all of its chromosomes

47
Q

What happens in a cell during mitosis?

A

Half of each chromosome is pulled to either end of the cell

Membranes form around the two new sets of DNA (this is the nucleus)

48
Q

What happens in a cell during cytokinesis (still also mitosis)?

A

The cytoplasm and cell membrane divide

They now have two identical daughter cells

49
Q

What is the process by which prokaryotic cells divide?

A

Binary Fission

50
Q

Describe the process of binary fission

A

Plasmids and circular DNA replicate
Plasmids and circular DNA move to opposite poles
Cytoplasm divides and new cell walls begin to form
Two daughter cells are produced

51
Q

Are the daughter cells of binary fission identical?

A

Not always

The have the same circular DNA but may have varying numbers of plasmids

52
Q

What happens to bacteria cells if under unfavourable conditions?

A

They die :-(

53
Q

What do culture mediums contain?

A

Carbohydrates, Minerals, Protein and Vitamins

54
Q

What is grown under cultured conditions?

A

Bacteria and some other microorganisms

55
Q

Give to examples of cultured mediums

A

Nutrient broth Solution

Solid agar jelly

56
Q

What is a colony?

A

The area bacteria spread to occupy on agar jelly

57
Q

What is an inhibition zone?

A

A clear area in which the bacteria have died around an antibiotic/antiseptic

58
Q

What is contamination?

A

When unwanted substances come into contact with your experiment

59
Q

How would you sterilise an inoculating loop?

A

Flame

60
Q

Why should petri dishes be stored upside down?

A

To prevent condensation falling on the agar surface

61
Q

How do you calculate area of inhibition zones?

A

Area = πr^2

62
Q

How could we compare the effectiveness of different antibiotics?

A

Create agar plates with several examples of different antibiotics (including a control)
Store them for a few days upside down
Measure and calculate the area of inhibition
The greater the area the greater the effectiveness

63
Q

Where can stem cells be found in humans?

A

Embryos

Adult Bone Marrow

64
Q

What cells can embryonic cells differentiate to?

A

Any human cell

65
Q

What cells can adult cells differentiate to?

A

Limited cells for repair of tissues

66
Q

How can we make stem cells useful?

A

We can produce clones

67
Q

What is therapeutic cloning?

A

Using stem cells from an embryo with the same genetic information as a patient
This prevents rejection from the body

68
Q

Why must stem cell research follow such strict guidelines?

A

People feel it is taking away a potential life and thus immoral

69
Q

What is a Meristem Cell?

A

An undifferentiated plant cell

70
Q

Define Diffusion

A

The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

71
Q

In what states of matter does diffusion occur?

A

Liquid and Gas

72
Q

How does concentration gradient affect the speed of diffusion?

A

The greater the concentration gradient, the greater the rate of diffusion

73
Q

How does temperature affect the speed of diffusion?

A

The greater the temperature, the greater the rate of diffusion as particles have more energy

74
Q

Define Osmosis

A

The movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

75
Q

What is a partially permeable membrane?

A

One with very small holes

76
Q

Define Active Transport

A

The movement of substances against the concentration gradient?

77
Q

Which type of transport requires energy?

A

Active Transport

78
Q

What is surface area:volume ratio?

A

How large the surface area of something isn compared to how big it is overall

79
Q

Give an example where a plant uses active transport

A

Root Hair Cells take in minerals from soil despite having more inside than out

80
Q

Give an example where a human uses active transport

A

Taking glucose from the gut and from kidney tubules

81
Q

What happens when there is a lower concentration of nutrients (glucose and amino acids) in the gut than the blood?

A

Active Transport

82
Q

How are nutrients in the gut usually transported into the blood?

A

Diffusion as there is USUALLY a negative concentration gradient

83
Q

What nutrients are exchanged between the gut and blood?

A

Amino Acids

Glucose

84
Q

How are alveoli adapted for maximum diffusion?

A

Large Surface area (75m^2)
Moist Lining
Thin Walls
Good blood supply

85
Q

What are the projections in the small intestine called?

A

Villi

86
Q

What do the villi do?

A

Allow digested food to be absorbed more quickly into the bood

87
Q

How are villi adapted for maximum absorption?

A

Large Surface Area
Single layer of surface cells
Good blood supply

88
Q

What substances travel through the stomata?

A

Oxygen, water vapour out

CO2 in

89
Q

What is the gas exchange surface on a fish?

A

Gills

90
Q

How do fish respire?

A

Water comes in through the mouth and oxygen in this then diffuses through the gills into the respiratory system

91
Q

How do gills increase thie surface area?

A

They have gill filaments (thin plates that make up each gill)
They have lamellae on the filaments which further increase the surgace area

UK GCSE Biology (9 decks)

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