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Biology > B2 > Flashcards

B2 Flashcards

1
Q

A tissue?

A

a group of cells with a similar structure and function

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2
Q

An organ?

A

a group of tissues working together for a specific function e.g. the stomach contains muscle tissue and glandular tissues which release enzymes

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3
Q

3 main nutrients in food?

A

carbohydrates, proteins and fats

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4
Q

What does the digestive system do?

A

breaks down large food molecules like carbohydrates proteins etc into smaller food molecules by enzymes. They can then be absolved into the blood stream

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5
Q

Enzymes in digestive system?

A

are large protein molecules that your body makes to break down food and aid digestion
They also speed up chemical reactions

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6
Q

What does the churning action of the stomach muscles do to food?

A

turns the food into fluid, increasing the SA for enzymes to digest

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7
Q

What happens to the food
molecules produced by digestion in the small intestine?

A

They are absorbed into the bloodstream by diffusion or active transport

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8
Q

What happens to the fluid in the large intestine?

A

Water is absorbed into the bloodstream

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9
Q

What is some of the glucose produced used for?

A

respiration

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10
Q

What is the active site and how does it work?

A

Where the substrate attaches to. The lock and key theory. The substrate fits perfectly into the active site

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11
Q

What are proteins?

A

Long chains of chemicals called amino acids.

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12
Q

What is the optimum temperature for an enzyme?

A

a certain temperature where the enzyme is working at the fastest possible rate

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13
Q

What happens as we increase the temperature past the optimum?

A

the activity of the enzyme rapidly decreases to zero because the enzyme will vibrate rapidly, therefore the active site changes shape and the substrate no longer fits

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14
Q

Bile?

A

fluid that is made and released by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. Bile helps with digestion

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15
Q

What is the purpose of the coronary arteries?

A

To provide oxygen to the muscle cells of the heart

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16
Q

What controls our natural resting heart rate?

A

A group of cells found in the right atrium called the pacemaker

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17
Q

What does blood plasma contain?

A

The liquid part of the blood which contains red and white blood cells and platelets

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18
Q

What is the blood plasma’s job?

A

take nutrients, hormones, and proteins to the parts of the body that need it. Cells also put their waste products into the plasma.

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19
Q

What are platelets?

A

Tiny fragments of cells and their job is to help the blood to clot and not bleed

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20
Q

What is a cardiovascular disease?

A

disease of the heart and blood vessels and are non-communicable

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21
Q

What causes coronary heart disease?

A

Layers of fatty material build up inside arteries causing them to narrow. This results in a lack of oxygen for the heart muscle which can lead to a heart attack due to the heart being started of oxygen

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22
Q

What do statins do?

A

reduce the level of cholesterol in the blood

23
Q

What is a side effect of statins?

A

liver problems

24
Q

What does a stent do?

A

Keeps the coronary artery open and allowing the blood to keep flowing

25
Q

2 treatments for coronary artery disease?

A

Statins and Stents

26
Q

What do mechanical valves do?

A

Replaces faulty heart valves that will last a lifetime. But they increase risk of blood clots

27
Q

What prevents the trachea from collapsing during inhalation?

A

Rings of cartilage

28
Q

What happens in alveoli?

A

where gases diffuse in and out of the lungs

29
Q

3 adaptions that alveoli have to make the rate of gas exchange as fast as possible

A

Millions of alveoli mean that the lungs have a huge surface area

Very thin walls so diffusion path is short

Very good blood supply - once oxygen is diffuses into the blood, it is rapidly removed

30
Q

How does breathing increase the rate of diffusion?

A

breathing brings fresh oxygen into alveoli and takes away carbon dioxide

31
Q

What is a benign tumours?

A

The growth of abnormal cells which are found in one area - they do not invade other parts of the body

32
Q

What are malignant tumours?

A

invade neighbouring tissues and then move into the bloodstream - they are cancer

33
Q

Who is most likely to suffer from infectious diseases?

A

People with a defect immune system

34
Q

What is HPV?

A

Human papilloma virus and it is extremely common but harmless. However for some people it can cause cervical cancer

35
Q

How do allergies come about?

A

When the body is infected with a pathogen but the immune system fights it off, but the person is left with an allergy

36
Q

Why does a graph correlation not prove cause?

A

It only suggests that they might be linked

37
Q

2 examples of non-communicable diseases?

A

Cardiovascular disease
Type 2 diabetes

38
Q

What is the biggest cause of deaths in the UK?

A

non-communicable diseases

39
Q

What are carcinogens?

A

chemicals in cigarettes which can trigger cancer

40
Q

What happens if a pregnant woman smokes?

A

Risk of miscarriage and premature birth

41
Q

What can happen to the baby if the mother drinks alcohol while pregnant?

A

Baby could be born with fetal alcohol syndrome which can cause learning and mental/physical problems

42
Q

What happens if someone excessively drinks alcohol?

A

risk of liver cancer

43
Q

What does epidermis do in a plant?

A

Protects the surface of the leaf

44
Q

What does stomata do in a plant?

A

Allows carbon dioxide to enter the leaf and oxygen to leave

45
Q

What is translocation?

A

the movement of sugars and other molecules through phloem tissue

46
Q

What do meristem tissues do?

A

Contain stem cells which can differentiate into any type of plant tissue

47
Q

What is the process called in which water is constantly evaporating from the surfaces of leaves

A

Transpiration

48
Q

Is the rate of transpiration greater at higher or lower temperatures? Why?

A

Higher temperatures because evaporation is faster when temperature is higher

49
Q

Does evaporation take place quicker in wet or dry conditions?

A

Dry

50
Q

Is the rate of transpiration quicker when the light intensity increases or decreases?

A

increases

51
Q

What is a natural resting heart rate controlled by?

A

A group of cells the act as a pacemaker in right atrium

52
Q

role of pacemaker?

A

Controls the heart beat

53
Q

what does artificial pacemaker do? and what do you have to avoid?

A

To help control heart rate if pacemaker is damaged
Have to avoid magnets bc it could damage it

Biology (9 decks)

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