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Z Biology > B2 - Organisation > Flashcards

B2 - Organisation Flashcards

1
Q

Order of organisation

A

Cell, tissue, organ, organ system

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2
Q

What do glands do (pancreas and salivary glands)?

A

Produce digestive juices

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3
Q

What do the stomach and small intestine do?

A

Digest food

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4
Q

What does the liver do?

A

Produces bile

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5
Q

What does the small intestine do?

A

Absorbs soluble food molecules

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6
Q

What does the large intestine do?

A

Absorbs water from undigested food, leaving faeces

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7
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Biological catalysts

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8
Q

What are enzymes made of?

A

Proteins, which are made of chains of amino acids folded into unique shapes.

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9
Q

Why would a reaction not be catalysed by an enzyme?

A

If the substrate does not match the enzyme’s active site.

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10
Q

What needs to be right for an enzyme to work?

A

Temperature and pH

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11
Q

What happens to an enzyme as the temperature increases?

A

At first the rate of reaction increases, but then some of the bonds holding the enzyme together break. This changes the shape of the active site, so the substrate no longer fits. The enzyme has denatured.

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12
Q

What is amylase and where is it made?

A

A carbohydrase that breaks down starch. It is made in the salivary glands, pancreas, and small intestine.

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13
Q

What are proteases and where are they made?

A

An enzyme that converts proteins into amino acids. They are made in the stomach (where it’s called pepsin), pancreas, and small intestine.

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14
Q

What are lipases and where are they made?

A

Enzymes that convert lipids into glycerol and fatty acids. Made in the pancreas, and small intestine.

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15
Q

Where is bile produced?

A

The liver

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16
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

The gall bladder

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17
Q

What does bile do?

A

Neutralises stomach acids and emulsifies fats.

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18
Q

What happens in the alveoli?

A

Oxygen diffuses out due to the low concentration of it in the blood.
Carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveolus due to the low concentration of it in the alveolus, to be breathed out.

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19
Q

What kind of circulatory system is our hearts?

A

A double circulatory system.

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20
Q

What do valves do?

A

Prevent blood from flowing backwards.

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21
Q

Steps in the heart (5) ((good luck))

A

1 - blood flows into the two atria from the vena cava and the pulmonary vein
2 - atria contract, pushing the blood into the ventricles
3 - ventricles contract, forcing the blood into the pulmonary artery and the aorta, and out of the heart
4 - blood flows through to the organs through arteries, and returns through veins
5 - the atria fill again and the cycle repeats

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22
Q

What controls heart rate?

A

Pacemaker cells, which produce a small electrical impulse which spreads to the surrounding muscle cells, causing them to contract.

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23
Q

What are the three types of blood vessels and what do they do?

A

1: Arteries - carry blood away from the heart
2: Capillaries - involved in the exchange of materials at the tissues
3: Veins - carry the blood to the heart

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24
Q

What is the structure of arteries like?

A

The walls are strong and elastic to withstand the high pressure. The walls are thick compared to the size of the lumen.

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25
Q

What is the structure of capillaries like?

A

Permeable wall one cell thick, to allow substances to diffuse in and out at an increased rate because the distance is decreased.

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26
Q

What is the structure of veins like?

A

Bigger lumen and smaller walls because the blood is not at as high pressure. Valves to keep blood flowing in the right direction.

27
Q

What is the structure of red blood cells like?

A
  • biconcave shape = large surface area for absorbing oxygen
  • no nucleus = more space for oxygen
  • contain red pigment haemoglobin which binds to oxygen and then releases it to the cells
28
Q

What do the two different types of white blood cells do?

A
  • some change shape to engulf unwelcome microorganisms = phagocytosis
  • others produce antitoxins and antibodies
29
Q

What do platelets do?

A

Platelets are small fragments of cells with no nucleus. They help blood to clot at a wound to stop blood pouring out and stop microorganisms getting in. Lack of platelets can cause excessive bleeding and bruising.

30
Q

What are the 7 things carried by plasma?

A

1 - red & white blood cells and platelets
2 - nutrients like glucose and amino acids
3 - carbon dioxide
4 - urea
5 - hormones
6 - proteins
7 - antibodies and antitoxins

31
Q

What is coronary disease?

A

When the coronary arteries that supply the blood to the muscle of the heart get blocked by layers of fatty material build up. This causes arteries to become narrow, so blood flow is restricted, and there’s a lack of oxygen to the heart muscle - can result in a heart attack.

32
Q

What are stents?

A

Tubes that are inserted inside arteries. They keep them open to make sure blood can pass through.

33
Q

Pros of stents

A

Effective for a long time, and the recovery time from the surgery time is relatively quick.

34
Q

Cons of stents

A

Risk of complications during the surgery, risk of infection from surgery, risk of patient developing blood clot near the stent (thrombosis).

35
Q

What happens if you have too much bad cholesterol in your blood?

A

It can cause fatty deposits to form inside arteries, causing coronary heart disease.

36
Q

What are statins?

A

Drugs that can reduce the amount of ‘bad’ cholesterol in the bloodstream. This slows down the rate of fatty deposits forming.

37
Q

Advantages of statins

A

1 - reduce the risk of coronary disease
2 - they increase the amount of ‘good’ cholesterol in the blood
3 - prevent some other dieases

38
Q

Disadvantages of statins

A

1 - need to be taken regularly, someone could forget
2 - can cause negative side effects (e.g. kidney failure, memory loss)
3 - not instant, takes time to kick in

39
Q

What is the main advantage of artificial hearts?

A

They are less likely to be rejected by the body

40
Q

Disadvantages of artificial hearts

A

Surgery can lead to bleeding and infection.
Parts of the heart could wear out or the electric motor could fail.
Patient has to take blood thinning drugs to reduce the risk of blood clots, which can lead to bleeding if they’re hurt.

41
Q

What causes heart valves to be damaged or weakened?

A

Heart attacks, infection, or old age.

42
Q

What happens if a heart valve becomes leaky?

A

The blood flows in both directions rather than just forward. This means that blood does not circulate as effectively as normal.

43
Q

What is artificial blood?

A

A blood substitute e.g. saline which is used to replace the lost volume of blood.

44
Q

Can non-communicable diseases spread?

A

No.

45
Q

What are risk factors (give some examples)?

A

Things that are linked to an increase in the likelihood that a person will develop a certain disease in their lifetime e.g. how much exercise they do, smoking, asbestos fibres, air pollution

46
Q

What are the two types of tumours?

A

Benign, and malignant

47
Q

What does epidermal tissue do?

A

Covers the whole plant

48
Q

What does palisade mesophyll tissue do?

A

It is the part of the leaf where photosynthesis happens.

49
Q

What does spongy mesophyll tissue do?

A

Has big air spaces to allow gases to diffuse in and out of cells.

50
Q

What does meristem tissue do?

A

Found at the growing tips of roots and shoots and is able to differentiate into lots of different types of plant cell. It also produces auxin.

51
Q

How is epidermal tissue related to its function?

A

It is covered in a waxy cuticle, which helps to reduce water loss by evaporation.

52
Q

How is the upper epidermis related to its function?

A

It is transparent so light can pass through it to the palisade layer.

53
Q

How is the palisade mesophyll related to its function?

A

It has lots of chloroplasts , which means that they’re at the top of the leaf where they can get the most light.

54
Q

What does the phloem transport?

A

Food

55
Q

What does the xylem transport?

A

Water

56
Q

What are phloem tubes made of?

A

Columns of elongated living cells with small pores in the end walls to allow cell sap to flow through.

57
Q

What do phloem tubes transport?

A

Food substances made in the leaves to the rest of the plant for immediate use or for storage.

58
Q

What process do phloem tubes do?

A

Translocation

59
Q

What are xylem tubes made of?

A

Dead cells joined end to end with no end walls between them and a hole down the middle. They are strengthened with lignin.

60
Q

What is the name of the movement of water from the roots through the xylem and out of the leaves?

A

The transpiration stream

61
Q

What is transpiration?

A

The loss of water from a plant

62
Q

What is transpiration caused by?

A

The evaporation and diffusion of water from a plant’s surface.

63
Q

What are the four factors that affect the rate of transpiration?

A

1 - light intensity
2 - temperature
3 - air flow
4 - humidity

64
Q

What happens to the guard cells if the plant has lots of water?

A

The guard cells fill with water and become turgid. This makes the stomata open so gases can be exchanged for photosynthesis.

Z Biology (7 decks)

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