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Biology > B3 > Flashcards

B3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are pathogens?

A

microorganisms that causes infectious disease

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2
Q

4 types of pathogens?

A

Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Protists

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3
Q

What does bacteria cause?

A

Food-poisoning

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4
Q

How does bacteria make us ill?

A

Once inside the human body, bacteria reproduces very rapidly

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5
Q

What does bacteria release to make us feel ill?

A

Toxins

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6
Q

How are viruses different to bacteria?

A

They cannot reproduce by themselves. They can only reproduce inside a host cell

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7
Q

3 ways that pathogens can be spread?

A

In the air e.g. water droplets (influenza)

Directly in water

Direct contact between people (HIV)

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8
Q

2 ways to prevent the spread of pathogens?

A

Isolation
Vaccinations

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9
Q

What cannot kill viruses?

A

antibiotics

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10
Q

Symptoms of measles?

A

fever
skin rash

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11
Q

What is measles and how is it spread?

A

a highly infectious disease that is spread in droplets when an infected persons sneezes or coughs

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12
Q

What complications are caused by measles?

A

damage to breathing system and brain and can sometimes be fatal

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13
Q

Symptoms of HIV?

A

Flu-like illness

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14
Q

What does HIV do to the person?

A

damages the immune system and ends up not being able to fight off other infections

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15
Q

What drugs are taken to stop HIV from multiplying inside the patient so the virus doesn’t do anymore damage?

A

Antiretroviral drugs but they must take them for the rest of their life

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16
Q

What type of diseases are salmonella and gonorrhoea?

A

communicable

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17
Q

What can bacteria be killed by?

A

antibiotics

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18
Q

What causes salmonella food poisoning?

A

the spread of ingesting infected food e.g. using the same chopping board for raw chicken and then other food

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19
Q

symptoms of salmonella?

A

fever
vomitting
diarrhoea

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20
Q

What is gonorrhoea?

A

STD

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21
Q

2 symptoms of gonorrhoea?

A

thick yellow/green discharge from private parts

pain when urinating

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22
Q

What is a malaria pathogen?

A

a protist

23
Q

What is malaria?

A

a communicable disease which is spread by a pathogen

24
Q

symptoms of malaria?

A

fever and can be fatal

25
Q

How is malaria spread?

A

the infected person is bitten by a mosquito and passes into it. Then it now bites a different person and passes the malaria pathogen to them

26
Q

how to stop spread of malaria?

A

stop the mosquito from breeding

prevent humans from being bitten e.g. sleep under a mosquito net

27
Q

What is the job of the non-specific defence system?

A

to prevent pathogens from entering the body e.g. skin and when it is damaged, pathogen can enter through the cut and infect us

28
Q

Where is cilia and what does it do inside our body?

A

tiny hairs inside the trachea and bronchi which are covered in mucus which can trap pathogens

29
Q

Where is hydrochloric acid found and what does it do?

A

stomach
kills pathogens in food before they can make their way further down into the digestive system

30
Q

What does bacteria release?

A

toxins which make us feel unwell

31
Q

2 functions of the immune system?

A

destroyed pathogens and any toxins they produce

protects us incase the same type of pathogen invades again in the future

32
Q

What do white blood cells do? (2)

A

ingest and destroy pathogens

use enzymes to destroy pathogens

33
Q

What is the process of the job of white blood cells called?

A

phagocytosis

34
Q

What are antibodies and what do they do?

A

protein molecules produced by white blood cells. They stick to the pathogens and triggers them to be destroyed

35
Q

One feature of antibodies

A

They are very specific, so when they are created when the person is infected with measles, those antibodies will only work against measles and nothing else

36
Q

What do antitoxins do?

A

stick to toxin molecules and prevent them from damaging cells

37
Q

How do vaccines work?

A

they insert small quantities of dead or inactive forms of a pathogen into the body

38
Q

What can’t the vaccine lead to the disease in the patient?

A

because the pathogen is dead/inactive

39
Q

How do vaccinations prevent infection?

A

if the same pathogen enters the body, the white blood cells can produce the correct antibodies quickly

40
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

If enough people are vaccinated, this also protects unvaccinated people as the pathogens do not spread

41
Q

What was the first antibiotics and when was it discovered?

A

Penicillin
1940s

42
Q

What do antibiotics do?

A

kill infective bacteria inside the human body

43
Q

What is antibiotic resistance

A

Certain antibiotics were no longer effective against bacteria because they had been overused because the bacteria had evolved so that they were no longer killed by the antibiotic

44
Q

What can’t antibiotics kill?

A

viruses

45
Q

Why is it difficult to develop drugs to kill viruses without also damaging body tissues?

A

because viruses live and reproduce inside cells

46
Q

Where do drugs usually come from?

A

plants
e.g. pain killers from willow trees

47
Q

What is preclinical testing?

A

treating of a drug carried out on cells, tissues and on live animals because the drugs may be extremely toxic

48
Q

What is a placebo

A

a tablet/injection with no active drug in it

49
Q

Drug?

A

changed how the body works

50
Q

3 types of drugs?

A

Painkillers

Antibiotics

Antivirals

51
Q

How to kill resistance bacteria?

A

Use a stronger dose

New antibiotic

52
Q

Why should doctors not prescribe antibiotics for minor infections?

A

rest and body will kill it by itself

53
Q

3 physical barriers that immune system has?

A

Skin - tough for pathogens to perpetrate

Mucus - airways and nose to trap pathogens

Cilia

Biology (9 decks)

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