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Biology > B3 Organism Level Systems > Flashcards

B3 Organism Level Systems Flashcards

1
Q

1 what is the CNS

A

central nervous system

consists of brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

1 what is PNS

A

peripheral nervous system

consists of nerves of CNS

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3
Q

1 what does a neuron include

what are they all

(see diagram)

A

dendrites
-receives impulses from other neurons
Nucleus
axon
-an extension of cytoplasm
axon terminal
-sends the impulse to other neurons across a gap
fatty sheath / myelin
-insulating layer that speeds up impulse

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4
Q

1 what is a sensory neuron

A

takes impulses from changes in the sense organs
eyes
ears
skin

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5
Q

1 what is the relay neuron

A

takes impulses from the sensory neuron and passes it to the motor neuron

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6
Q

1 what is the motor neuron

A

passes the impulse to muscle to a gland to release hormones creating a response

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7
Q

1 what is the gap between the neurons

A

the synapse

neurotransmitters travel in between the gap passing the impulse to a different neuron

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8
Q

1 how do you coordinate a movement

A

stimulus -change in internal or external environment
receptor cell -specialised cells forming an electric pulse
sensory neuron
CNA & relay neuron -chosen activities are decided in the brain
motor neuron
effector - muscle or gland
response- muscle concentration or hormone release from a gland

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9
Q

1 how do you co-ordinate the movement of turning an alarm clock off

A

stimulus -ringing of the alarm clock
receptor cells -in ear hear the vibration and form electrical impulse
sensory neuron- receives and passes to relay neuron across synaptic gap
relay send to motor neuron
motor send to effectors in the muscle
muscle contracts in response to turn alarm off

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10
Q

2 what are reflexes

examples

A

rapid and involuntary
influence a specific area
short lived

pupil dilation / constriction to light changes
gag reflex
sneezing
remove hand from something hot

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11
Q

2 whats the reflex of your hand near a candle

A

stimulus - temp change
receptor - skin detects temp change
- convert stimuli to electrical impulse
- impulse travels down sensory neuron into spinal cord
relay - process and respond; sending an elec imp. to motor
motor - sends impulse to effector
effector - produces response by contracting muscle and moving hand away from candle
pain - only felt after reflex arc as spinal cord passes impulse up to the brain

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12
Q

3 what is the endocrine system

A

all the endocrine glands and the hormones they produce
works with the nervous system to co-ordinate and control body responses

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13
Q

3 what is the pituitary gland

A

release ADH LD FSH and oxytocin

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14
Q

3 what do the ovaries release
testes?
pancreas?

A

oestrogen and progesterone
testosterone
insulin and glucagon

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15
Q

3 what are hormones

what is the effect

A

chemical messengers made by endocrine glands
secreted into the blood

cause responses with certain receptor cells that are found in target organs

slow but long effect on the body

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16
Q

3 what is the thyroxine gland

A

thyroid gland produces thyroxine
regulates metabolic rate
speed at which the body transfers energy from its chemical stores

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17
Q

3 how does controlling thyroxine work

what is TSH

A

hypothalamus detects cells needs more energy
pituitary releases TSH
thyroid produces thyroxine
hypothalamus detects cells have enough energy
pituitary stops producing TSH
thyroid stops producing thyroxine

thyroid stimulating hormone

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18
Q

3 what is FSH

what is LH

what is ADH

what is GH

A

follicle stimulating hormone
- matures eggs in ovary
luteinising hormone
- releases eggs in the ovaries
anti-diuretic hormone
- controls water blood levels
growth hormone
- promotes growth

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19
Q

3 what is insulin

what is glucagon

what is adrenaline

A

lowers blood glucose

raises blood glucose levels

fight or flight

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20
Q

3 what is testosterone

what is oestrogen

what is progesterone

A

controls male sexual characteristics

builds uterus lining

maintains uterine lining

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21
Q

3 what is the adrenal gland

A

produces adrenaline
prepares the body for flight or fight response

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22
Q

3 what is the fight or flight response

A

a stress response to perceived harmful event or environment
CNS stimulates adrenal gland and triggers release of adrenaline
prepares muscle to use more aerobic respiration
increase heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate
body returns to normal 20-60 mins after event

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23
Q

3 what is homeostasis

A

the state of equilibrium and balance for internal conditions
temperature
blood pH
blood glucose/salt levels
blood water content

uses a negative feedback loop to correct internal environment

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24
Q

4 where does fertilisation occur

A

in the fallopian tube

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25
Q

4 what are the four hormones involved in the menstrual cycle

A

Progesterone
LH
FSH
Oestrogen

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26
Q

4 how does FSH level change

what is its job in the menstrual cycle

where does it come from

A

highest hormone at first
matures an egg
stimulates oestrogen release

pituitary gland

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27
Q

4 how does oestrogen level change

what is its job in the menstrual cycle

where does it come from

A

high before day 14
stops FSH
builds uterine lining
stimulates LH release

comes from ovaries

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28
Q

4 how does LH level change

what is its job in the menstrual cycle

where does it come from

A

tallest peak
releases a mature egg from the ovary
ovulation

comes from pituitary gland

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29
Q

4 how does progesterone level change

what is its job in the menstrual cycle

where does it come from

A

only high after day 14
maintains uterine lining for pregnancy

comes from ovary

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30
Q

4 what are the stages of the menstrual cycle

A

1.day 1 first day of period
- period lasts 3-7 days
2. FSH is released to mature an egg in ovary
3. FSH stimulates oestrogen building uterine lining
4. oestrogen stops FSH ands lead in LH on day 14
- LH causes mature egg to be released
5. empty egg follicle release progesterone
6. progesterone maintains uterine lining for a fertilised egg
7. empty follicle reduces and shrinks progesterone levels
- causes lining to shed returning to day 1

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31
Q

5 what is hormonal contraception

A

use of hormones to disrupt the normal female reproductive cycle to prevent pregnancy

32
Q

5 what is non-hormonal contraception

A

barrier methods to prevent sperm contacting the egg or physical devices that release chemical compounds such a spermicides

33
Q

5 how effective is perfect use?

A

how the contraception developers intended for it to be used

34
Q

5 how effective is typical use?

A

how the average person uses it
user error occurs

35
Q

5 what is FSH

A

follicle stimulating hormone
female hormone that causes an egg to mature and stimulates ovaries to produce oestrogen

36
Q

5 what is LH

A

luteinising hormone
triggers ovulation

37
Q

5 what is oestrogen

A

female hormone that causes lining of uterus to build up

38
Q

5 what is progesterone

A

maintains uterine lining during pregnancy

39
Q

5 what is contraceptive injection
method?
positives
negatives
effectiveness

A

H
injects progesterone to thicken cervix, stops ovulation
lasts 8-13 weeks
can’t be removed from body- side affects last a while
perfect use = 99%
typical use = 94%

40
Q

5 what is intrauterine system
method?
positives
negatives
effectiveness

A

H
device inserted into womb contains progesterone
thins uterus, thicken cervix
works for 3-5 years/periods are lighter, shorter
irregular bleeding in first 6 months
perfect use = 99%
typical use = 99%

41
Q

5 what is contraceptive patch
method?
positives
negatives
effectiveness

A

H
provides progesterone & oestrogen to stop ovulation
prevents FSH & LH
makes bleeds regular lighter and less painful
can be seen and cause irritation
perfect use = 99%
typical use = 91%

42
Q

5 what is combined pill
method?
positives
negatives
effectiveness

A

H
provides progesterone & oestrogen to stop ovulation
prevents FSH & LH
reduces bleeds and pain, help premenstrual too
miss pills, illness makes it less effective
perfect use = 99%
typical use = 91%

43
Q

5 what is contraceptive vaginal ring
method?
positives
negatives
effectiveness

A

H
has progesterone and oestrogen reducing ovulation
one ring for 3 weeks
must be comfortable with inserting and removing device
perfect use = 99%
typical use = 91%

44
Q

5 what is progesterone only pill
method?
positives
negatives
effectiveness

A

H
provides progesterone, thins uterus lining
women who smoke, over 35, breastfeeding
late pills, illness makes it less effective
perfect use = 99%
typical use = 91%

45
Q

5 what is male condom
method?
positives
negatives
effectiveness

A

NON H
barrier to prevent sperm from reaching egg
protect from STD
may slip off if not fitted correctly or right size
perfect use = 92%
typical use = 82%

46
Q

5 what is implant
method?
positives
negatives
effectiveness

A

H
release progesterone to thicken cervix and womb lining
works for 3 years
requires a small procedure to fit and remove
perfect use = 99%
typical use = 99%

47
Q

5 what is diaphragm / cap
method?
positives
negatives
effectiveness

A

NON H
placed in vagina one covered in spermicide
acts as a sperm barrier
put in any time before sex
need to use the right size and apply more spermicide for more sex
perfect use = 96-92%
typical use = 88-71%

48
Q

5 what is intrauterine device (NON H)
method?
positives
negatives
effectiveness

A

NON H
made of cooper coil
copper kills sperm
stays in for 5-10 years
periods may be longer and heavier, more painful
perfect use = 99%
typical use = 99%

49
Q

6 what is infertility

A

when a couple cant conceive despite having regular unprotected sex

50
Q

6 how do you help these problems

1lack of mature eggs
2failure to release eggs
3block sperm duct or fallopian tube
4lack of sperm production

A

1 inject FSH
2 inject LH
3 clean/ clear block
4 lifestyle change

51
Q

6 lifestyle choices affecting pregnancy

A

smoking
alcohol
drugs
cancer treatment
inherited conditions
temperature of testes
body weight
stress
poor nutrition
hormonal problems
excessive exercise

52
Q

6how can FSH be used as a fertility drug

A

stimulates egg maturity
trigger oestrogen production
increases likelihood of one or more eggs released

53
Q

6how can LH be used as a fertility drug

A

causes ovulation to release a mature egg

54
Q

6 what does IVF stand for

what is zygote

A

In Vitro Fertilisation

fertilised egg injected into the female

55
Q

6 how does IVF work

A

FSH and LH given to stimulate egg maturity
doctors collect eggs and fertilise with sperm
sperm and egg placed together in a petri dish
fertilised egg is left to incubate and grow
embryos inserted back into uterus to implant

56
Q

6 positives of IVF

A

helps you focus on career first
enables older people to have kids
allow couples who cant conceive to have kids

57
Q

6 negatives of IVF

A

not a natural procedure
IVF is expensive
NHS limits cycles
results in multiple births, endangering mum and baby
IVF puts stress on lots of people

58
Q

7 what is homeostasis

A

the maintenance of constant internal environment despite external changes
keeping the body in a constant state of equilibrium

59
Q

7 what is oxygen for

what is molecules and digested food for

A

respiration

for growth and repair

60
Q

7 what is water, food and drinks for

where is energy transferred

A

through the gut and into the bloodstream

between your body and the environment

61
Q

7 what is carbon dioxide

what is water and waste

A

a waster product of respiration

filtered out of the blood and excreted in the urine

62
Q

7 what does the body need to keep constant

A

blood sugar
blood water
blood pH
body temperature

nervous system and endocrine system help with homeostasis

63
Q

7 what is the negative feedback loop

A

a mechanism that is part of the system that reverse change to bring them back to normal

64
Q

7 what happens if you are too cold

A

shivering generates heat
hair stand on end to trap insulating air
vasoconstriction

65
Q

7 what happens if you are too hot

A

sweating allows evaporation to remove thermal energy
hair flattens
vasodilation

66
Q

8 what is glucose

if too much?

too litte?

A

an energy store used in respiration in cells to produce ATP

would cause water to leave cells by osmosis (cell crenate)

not be enough for respiration
light headed, dizzy, fainting and comatose

67
Q

8 how is glucose used in…

diet

exercise

respiration

A

increase glucose conc by eating carbs

use glucose for respiration so more is needed

glucose in blood is used by cells to release energy

68
Q

8 how is glucose used in insulin

A

pancreas releases insulin that travels in blood to the liver
stimulates liver to convert glucose to glycogen

69
Q

8 what is glucagon

A

pancreas creates glucagon
stimulates liver to convert glycogen back to glucose

70
Q

8 what is glucose

what is glycogen

what is glucagon

what is glycerol

A

sugar

stored sugar

hormone for more sugar

makes up lipids

71
Q

8 what does the pancreas do

A

beta cells make insulin
alpha cells produce glucagon

72
Q

8what is your liver doing if theres too much glucose

A

rise in blood glucose
pancreas release insulin
liver converts glucose to glycogen

73
Q

8 what is your liver doing if theres too little glucose

A

fall in blood glucose
pancreas release glucagon
liver converts glycogen to glucose

74
Q

8 what is diabetes

A

pancreas does not produce enough insulin or the body cannot respond to the insulin produced
type1
type2

75
Q

8 symptoms of diabetes

A

excessive thirst and urination
tiredness
vaginal infections
numbness in hands and feet

76
Q

8 what is type 1 diabetes

A

when the pancreas creates little to no insulin

a lifelong condition where the body’s immune system attacks and destroys the cells that produce insulin

77
Q

8 what is type 2 diabetes

A

insufficient insulin production

where the body does not produce enough insulin, or the body’s cells do not react to insulin properly

Biology (8 decks)

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