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gcse biology > b5 - communicable diseases > Flashcards

b5 - communicable diseases Flashcards

1
Q

define communicable diseases

A
  • infectious diseases e.g tuberculosis, flu
  • caused by pathogens, such as bacteria and viruses, that can be passed from one person to another
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2
Q

define non-communicable diseases

A
  • e.g heart disease, arthritis
  • cannot be transmitted from one person to another
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3
Q

how does diet affect health?

A
  • too little or the wrong nutrients can lead to starvation, anaemia, or rickets for example
  • too much food or the wrong type of food can lead to obesity, some cancers, type 2 diabetes
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4
Q

how does stress affect health?

A

too much stress linked to an increase risk of heart disease, certain cancers and mental health problems

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5
Q

how can life situations affect health?

A
  • geographical location increased risk of certain diseases e.g malaria in tropical regions
  • gender, fincancial status, ethnic group, number of children in a family
  • free health care provided also reduces risk
  • local sewage and rubbish disposals important for healthy population
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6
Q

give some examples of different types of diseases and health conditions interacting

A

1) virus’ living in cells, e.g human papilloma virus, can trigger changes leading to cancers
2) defects in immune system increase liklihood of communicable disease
3) immune reactions can trigger allergies
4) severe physical health issues can lead to mental health problems, e.g depression
5) malnutrition can lead to deficiency diseases, weakened immune system, obesity, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, or cancer

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7
Q

which pathogens cause the most diseases in plants?

A

viruses and fungi

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8
Q

which pathogens cause the most communicable diseases in humans?

A

bacteria and viruses

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9
Q

what happens when bacteria or viruses enter the body?

A

they reproduce rapidly

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10
Q

how does bacteria make a person feel ill?

A

by producing toxins (poisons), may also damage the body cells

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11
Q

how do viruses make you feel sick?

A

much smaller than bacteria, reproduce inside cells, damaging and destroying cells

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12
Q

how are pathogens spread through air?

A
  • bacteria viruses and fungal spores can be spread through the air from one animal or plant to another
  • humans spread pathogens when they cough or sneeze.
  • the droplets of the water carrying the pathogens are inhaled by another person - droplet infection
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13
Q

how are pathogens spread through direct contact?

A
  • sexually transmitted infections can be passed by sexual contact
  • skin contact, or enter via cuts, scratches or needle punctures
  • animals e.g mosquitos can act as vectors and carry pathogens from one individual to another
  • if a portion of a diseased plant is left in a field it could infect the whole crop
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14
Q

how are pathogens spread through direct contact?

A
  • drinking contaminated water can allow pathogens to enter the digestive system
  • fungal spores in splashes of water can spread plant diseases
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15
Q

what did Ignaz Semmelweiss discover?

A
  • realised that infection could be transferred from person to person in a hospital
  • he told his staff to wash their hands between treating patients. This reduced number of deaths.
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16
Q

what did Lewis Pasteur show?

A

microorganisms cause disease. He developed vaccines against anthrax and rabies

17
Q

what did Joseph Lister do?

A

used antiseptics to destroy pathogens in operating theatres

18
Q

how can we prevent spread of communicable diseases through hygiene?

A
  • hand washing after toilet, before cooking, after contact with an animal or person with an infectious illness
  • using disinfectants on kitchen work surfaces, toilets etc
  • keeping raw meet away from food that is eaten uncooked
  • coughing or sneezing into a hankerchief, tissie or hands
  • maintaining hygiene of people and agricultural machinery to help prevent spread of plant dieases
19
Q

how can we prevent spread of communicable diseases through isolating individuals?

A
  • if someone has an infection disease e.g Ebola, they need to be kept in isolation to prevent the pathogen being passed on
  • small plants infected with diseases can be moved and destroyed
20
Q

how can we prevent spread of communicable diseases by destroying or controlling vectors?

A
  • mosquitos, houseflies and rats carry many human pathogens between people
  • aphids and beetles transmit plant pathogens
  • destroying the vectors controls the spread of disease
21
Q

how can we prevent spread of communicable diseases through vaccination?

A
  • small amount of harmless form of a specific pathogen is introduced into your body. this prepared the immune system so you are pretected from future infections
  • plants cannot be vaccinated against disease as they do not have an immune system
22
Q

what is measles?

A
  • viral disease
  • main symptoms are fever and a red skin rash
  • spread by droplet infection
  • measles is a serious disease that can be fatal
  • an infected person should be isolated
  • measles can be prevented by vaccination
23
Q

what is HIV/AIDS?

A
  • HIV is a virus that can lead to AIDS
  • early symptoms may be mild and flu-like
  • HIV attacks immune system resulting in AIDS. May take several years to develop AIDS, depending on person’s general health, level of nutrition, and access to antiretroviral drugs.
24
Q

what is tobacco mosaic virus?

A
  • plant pathogen of plants such as tomatoes and tobacco
  • discolours the leaves and destroys cells so plants cannot photosynthesise
  • spread by contact between diseased and healthy plants and by animal vectors
  • no treatment so farmers grow TMV resistant strain of crops
  • spread can be reduced by good field hygiene and pest control
25
Q

what are bacterial diseases?

A
  • affect animals and plants
  • antibiotics can be used to kill bacteria
  • some bacteria are becoming resistant to many antibiotics
26
Q

what is salmonella food poisoning?

A
  • bacteria found in raw meat, poultry, eggs, and egg products
  • the bacteria cause salmonella food poisoning
  • infection is spread by undercooked food or poor food hygiene
  • symptoms: fever, abdominal cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea
  • prevention: is by vaccinating chickens and good food hygiene, particularly keeping raw chicken awy from food that is not going to be cooked
27
Q

what is gonorrhoea?

A
  • sexually transmitted infection
  • spread by unprotected sex with infected person
  • early symptoms: discharge from the penis or vagina and pain on urination
  • disease may become symptomless, some people have no symptoms at all
  • if untreated can lead to infertility, pelvic pain, and ecotopic pregnancy. babies born to infected mothers may have severe eye infections or blindness
  • treatment: is with antibiotics, but some strains of bacteria are resistant
  • prevention: is by using condoms, limiting sexual partners, treating all partners of an infected person with antibiotics
28
Q

what are bacterial diseases in plants?

A
  • most found in tropical and subtropical regions
  • agrobacterium tumefaciens is a bacterium causing crown galls
  • the galls contain a mass of unspecialised cells produced when the bacteria insert plasmids into the plant cells
  • the gall cells are new, undifferentiated and genetically modified cells
29
Q

how can scientists manipulate bacteria?

A
  • by inserting desireable genes into the cell. these are then carried by the bacteria into the plant by natural process
  • results in genetic modification
30
Q

give some fungal diseases in humans

A

athletes foot, ringworm, yeast infections

31
Q

what is rose black spot?

A
  • fungal disease of rose leaves
  • symptoms: purple or black spots on the leaves
  • leaves turn yellow and drop early so less photosynthesis which weakens plant and wont produce healthy flowers
  • spread: fungus spores carried by the wind, when these land on a plant they are spread by splashes of water when it rains
  • reducing spread: gardener remove nd burn affected leaves and stems
  • fungicides are chemicals used to prevent the spread of black spot
  • horticulturists have bred types of roses relatively resistant to black spot
32
Q

what are protists?

A

single celled organisms

33
Q

what is a protist transferred to the host?

A

vectors

34
Q

how is malaria spread?

A
  • caused by a parasitic protist that lives and feeds on other living organisms
  • protist spread when a person is bitten by a female mosquito.
  • when a person is bitten, the protist enters the persons bloodstream and:
    -> is carried to the liver then enters RBC
    -> bursts out of RBCs, causing fever and shaking, may cause death
    -> carried to another person after a mosquito bites an infected person
35
Q

why cant drugs to treat malaria be used much anymore?

A

protists are coming resistant to the drugs

36
Q

what are the best methods of preventing malaria?

A
  • using insecticide-impregnated nests to stop

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gcse biology (17 decks)

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