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Biology > B6.3 Disease > Flashcards

B6.3 Disease Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What is a disease
A

a condition caused by any part of the body not functioning properly
it can affect mental and physical health

to be in good health, an individual doesn’t have any diseases

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2
Q
  1. what is a communicable disease
A

a disease that can be transmitted between organisms
mostly caused by micro-organisms

measles
influenza

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3
Q
  1. what is a non communicable disease
A

a disease that cannot be spread between organisms
they are non infectious and not contagious

arthritis
cardiovascular disease

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4
Q
  1. what are pathogens
A

micro-organisms that cause disease when existing in an organism

fungi
bacteria
viruses
protozoa

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5
Q
  1. what is bacteria and fungi
A

live inside or outside the body
divide very fast and easily spread
treated through antiBiotics and cream

fungal nail infections
tuberculosis

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6
Q
  1. what is protozoa
A

unicellular organisms that are eukaryotes with nuclei
either free living or parasites
use a vector to enter a host

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7
Q
  1. what is a virus
A

like parasites they have to invade a cell to survive
non living structures
insert their own DNA into the host and replicate itself until it bursts

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8
Q
  1. two food based bacterias
A

Food poisoning & Tuberculosis
- eating infected meat
-under cooked meat

-stomach pains
-vomiting
-no appetite
-fatigue

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9
Q
  1. two sexually transmitted bacterias
A

Chlamydia & Gonorrhoea
- bodily fluids in sex

  • pain during urination
    -burning discharge from vagina or penis
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10
Q
  1. three sexually transmitted viruses
A

Genital Herpes & HIV & HPV
-bodily fluids in sex
- skin to skin contact
- breast milk, blood

  • panful blisters/sores
    -flu like symptoms
    warts of varying sizes on genitals
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11
Q
  1. what is athlete’s foot
    what is tobacco mosaic virus
    what is crown gall disease
    what is barley powdery mildew
A

fungi
virus
bacteria
fungi

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12
Q
  1. How does HIV Aids and TB link?
A

HIV is the pathogen you contract
HIV attacks white blood cells (T-cells)
Lowers the immune system
A weaker immune system leads to secondary infection like TB that eventually leads to death

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13
Q
  1. How does HPV and cervical cancer link?
A

HPV is the pathogen you contract
vaccinated against it
Vaccine prevents HPV
HPV can cause mutations in cervical cells, causing cervical cancer

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14
Q
  1. Transmission in animals?
A

Cuts in the skin
Respiratory system
Digestive system
Vectors - insect or animal bites
sexual contact

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15
Q
  1. Transmission in plants
A

Wind
Vectors
Direct contact
People or animals

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16
Q
  1. the closer together organisms live, the greater the risk of disease being passed on
A

true

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17
Q
  1. Incubation period?
A

Delay between infection and feeling ill
Time it takes for pathogens to reproduce, grow and cause cell damage
Some also release toxins as waste

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18
Q
  1. What does a virus contain
A

RNA - genetic info
surface proteins - called antigens, attach to host cells
protein capsid - protective coat

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19
Q
  1. whats an epidemic
A

localised infection in a specific area
measles
Ebola

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20
Q
  1. whats a pandemic
A

globalised infections
COVID
bubonic plague

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21
Q
  1. methods to prevent transmission
A

cover mouth when coughing or sneezing
avoid infectious people and objects
use a condom
no needle sharing
washing hands
food properly cooked
drink clean water
use insect repellent

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22
Q
  1. how does cover mouth when coughing or sneezing avoid transmission
A

captures infectious water droplets
bin the tissue
use antibacterial gel

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23
Q
  1. how does avoiding infectious people and objects avoid transmission
A

prevents direct and indirect contact

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24
Q
  1. how does using a condom avoid transmission
A

prevents sexually transmitted infections by preventing sharing bodily fluids
no skin to skin contact

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25
Q
  1. how does no needle sharing avoid transmission

how does washing hands avoid transmission

how does food properly cooked avoid transmission

A

prevents direct transmission into blood stream

prevents micro-organisms from being transferred

kills pathogens in food

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26
Q
  1. how does drink clean water avoid transmission

how does use insect repellent avoid transmission

A

avoids water borne pathogens

prevents vectors transmissions

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27
Q
  1. how do you avoid transmission in plants
A

burn infected crops
spray crops with fungicides

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28
Q
  1. how you avoid transmission in animals
A

slaughter the infected
chemical dips to prevent spread
vaccinate whole herd

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29
Q
  1. what is a viral plant disease
A

tobacco mosaic virus
leaves leaves mottled or discoloured
prevents chloroplasts from forming - stunts growth of the plant
never kills be lowers quantity and and quality of crop

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30
Q
  1. how do you prevent a viral plant disease
A

remove plant
hands and equipment washed
tobacco mosaic resistant plants should be planted in the soil the next year

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31
Q
  1. what is a bacterial plant disease
A

agrobacterium tumefaciens
tumour inducing plasmid
cause crown gall disease
roses, fruit, nut trees

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31
Q
  1. how does a bacterial plant disease take over a plant
A

enters through a wound
integrates into the genome
produces greater growth hormones
large tumour like growths call galls all over the plant

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32
Q
  1. how do you prevent bacterial plant diseases spreading
A

infected plants must be destroyed and removes
not plant any more infectable plants in the soil for another 2 years after

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33
Q
  1. whats a fungal plant disease
A

powdery mildew
many different species of fungi cause it
white powdery spots on leaves and stems
reduces growth, makes leaves fall off
reduces crop yield by 10-15%
grows in high humidity, moderate temperatures
releases spores spread by wind
controlled by fungicides

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34
Q
  1. what is athletes foot
A

a group of parasitic fungi called dermophytes
warm humid environment to live and multiply in
cracked, flaky itchy skin
very contagious through direct and indirect contact
treated by antifungal cream

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35
Q
  1. what is food poisoning
A

the growth of micro organisms in food- bacteria and the toxins they produce
campylobacter- raw meat, untreated water
salmonella- raw meat, eggs
E.coli- raw meats, dairy
thorough cooking kills them
stomach pain, diarrhoea, vomiting

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36
Q
  1. what are sexually transmitted diseases
A

passed on during unprotected sex and genital contact, bodily fluids
using condoms- STI’s use vectors
chlamydia- B - pain when peeing
gonorrhoea- B - discharge
genital herpes- V - blisters - no cure
HIV- V - week immune system, often AIDS- lifetime treatment as no cure

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37
Q
  1. what’s the difference between HIV and AIDS
A

HIV - human immunodeficiency virus
weakens your immune system
everyday infections creep in and become cancerous
this is AIDS
life threatening infections

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38
Q
  1. what is a non specific defence
A

preventing entry of micro organisms
non-specific response

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39
Q
  1. what is a secondary defence
A

only if physical chemical barriers fail
white blood cells
scabs from blood clotting

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40
Q
  1. what is scab formation
A

heal the skin barrier and prevent micro-organisms entering the body

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41
Q
  1. how do scabs form
A
  1. skin is cut, bleeds, blood leaks out of body
  2. platelets form a mesh by changing fibrinogen proteins to fibrin
  3. RBC get trapped in mesh forming a clot
  4. clot dries to form a scab
42
Q
  1. non-specific defences?
A

eyes - tears and lashes
mouth - saliva
ears - hair and wax
nose - hair and mucus
stomach - hydrochloric acid
genitals - hair and secretion
skin - physical barrier + produces sebum (oil)

43
Q
  1. why are eyes good defence
A

tears contain lysozymes enzymes that destroy bacteria
chemical

44
Q
  1. why are skin good defence
A

dry dead out cells are difficult for micro-organisms to penetrate

45
Q
  1. why are sebum (oil) good defence
A

produced from sweat glands

46
Q
  1. why are stomach acids good defence
A

kills pathogens present in contaminated food or drink through an acid environment

47
Q
  1. why are throat cilia good defence
A

sticky mucus traps micro-organism
cilia move mucus to throat where its swallowed

48
Q
  1. whats are the 2 types of white blood cell
A

lymphocytes
phagocytes

49
Q
  1. what is a lymphocyte
A

antibodies are proteins that are specific to a pathogen’s antigens
antibodies give you specific immune responses

50
Q
  1. what is a phagocyte
A

engulf pathogens and use enzymes to break down the pathogen

51
Q
  1. whats a primary immune response
A

release of antibodies to certain antigens

52
Q
  1. what are memory cells
A

body remembers the antigens it has come up against for future infections

53
Q
  1. what is a secondary immune response
A

release of antibodies because of recognised antigens
the concentration of antibodies will be higher and quicker

54
Q
  1. what are the phases of response time
A

initial explosive
primary immune response
secondary explosive
secondary immune response

55
Q
  1. what are antibodies
A

proteins that bind to antigens
the pathogen then is ingested by a phagocyte
only bind to one antigen
a different lymphocyte makes a new antibody to fight

56
Q
  1. what happens after a disease is successfully removed from the body
A

WBC make more antibodies
if it happens again the body has immunity
the antibodies destroy the pathogen before they cause the illness

57
Q
  1. what is active immunity
A

gained by the body producing antibodies and memory cells

58
Q
  1. what is passive immunity
A

gained through breast milk or blood or vaccines only containing antibodies
can fade over time

59
Q
  1. what are vaccines
A

contain dead of inactive forms of a pathogen
vaccine is injected into body
lymphocytes produce antibodies to the pathogen and memory cells to the foreign objects
create active immunity

60
Q
  1. what is herd immunity
A

a large number of the population is vaccinated protecting the unvaccinated individuals
prevents the spread of infections

61
Q
  1. what is antiseptics
A

kill or neutralise all types of pathogens, but don’t damage human tissue
safe to use

62
Q
  1. what are disinfectants
A

applied to non-living surfaces as they can damage human tissue

63
Q
  1. what are antivirals
A

destroy viruses by preventing them from replication or block the virus entering a host cell

64
Q
  1. what are antibiotics
A

only work on bacteria
kills them without damaging your cells

65
Q
  1. what is the zone of inhibition
A

the area that is healed when a bacteria pathogen is treated
the larger the area, the more effective the antibiotic

66
Q
  1. how do you calculate the zone of inhibition
A

measure diameter of zone in cm
calculate the radius = 1/2 diameter
use the formula to calculate the area of the circle
area = pi x r(squared)

67
Q
  1. what are the stages of a drug development trial
A

preclinical trials
1st clinical trial
2nd clinical trial
3rd clinical trial

68
Q

7 what is the preclinical trial

A

the drug is tested on live cells, bacteria, and tissue cultures and animals

69
Q

7 what is the 1st clinical trial

A

drug tested on a small group of healthy volunteers
test for side affects and safety

70
Q

7 what is the 2nd clinical trial

A

test on a small number of volunteer with the illness
test illness and dosages

71
Q

7 what is the 3rd clinical trial

A

tested on a large group of people with the illness to determine effectiveness, safety, dosage and side effects

72
Q

7 what is the placebo effect

A

a physical change caused by the minds belief of receiving a drug
a placebo drug mimis the look and taste of the real thing
can be used as a control

73
Q

7 what is a double blind trial

A

used to overcome the placebo effect
only the researchers know who receives the drug or the placebo

74
Q

8 what are some life style impacts on health

A

lead to non-communicable diseases
smoking
amount of exercise
drinking alcohol
drug taking
diet

75
Q

8 what is obesity

A

caused by eating to much and moving too little
leads to having an excess of bodily fat, which accumulates to a negative health effects
diets high in carbohydrates and lack of exercise
calorie intake is high than output

76
Q

8 what are the side effect of obesity

A

can cause strokes
cancer
diabetes type 2
high blood pressures

77
Q

8 what is in a cigarette

A

nicotine
tar
carbon monoxide
particulates
substances

78
Q

8 what is nicotine

A

addictive chemical
harms blood vessels
heart beat faster

79
Q

8 what is tar

what is carbon monoxide

A

carcinogen, collects in lungs when smoke cools

prevents haemoglobin binding to oxygen
can lead to heart disease/attack

80
Q

8 what are particulates

what are substances

A

weaken walls of alveoli, engulfed by white blood cells
emphysema, leaves people breathless

paralyse cilia cells of the airways, mucus flow in lungs
cancer, pneumonia, heart attacks, stroke
tooth decay, bronchitis

81
Q

8 what does alcohol do

A

contains ethanol, depressant slowing body down
break down the liver
a toxin can damage liver tissue
loss of balance, concentration, reaction times
take 1 hour to break down 1 unit
healthy liver - fatty liver - liver fibrosis - cirrhosis

82
Q

8 what is cirrhosis

A

liver damage by connective tissue
so its less effective and can be fatal

83
Q

8 what is jaundice

A

yellowing of skin, eyes and mouth

84
Q

9 what is cardiovascular disease (CVD)

A

a general term to describe the disease of heart or blood vessels
fatty deposits can build up in arteries and block blood flow to the brain
cana cause heart attacks, or strokes

85
Q

9 what increases your chance of CVD

A

poor diet
too little exercise
smoking
high blood pressure

86
Q

9 how does a diet increase CVD chances

A

too much salt leads to more water in your blood, which raises blood pressure
high levels of saturated fat causes cholesterol to be deposited in the artery walls, narrowing them, increasing blood pressure

87
Q

9 how does exercise affect your health

A

body mass will be lower, less food is stored as fat
joints are healthier, arthritis risk decreases
more muscle tissue, stronger heart
cholesterol levels are lower
all decrease risk of getting CVD

88
Q

9 how can you change your life style to reduce risk of CVD

A

eat less processed foods, reduces salt and saturated fats, sugar intake lowers. lower risk of type 2 diabetes
exercise regularly, strengthen heart muscles, weight loss, reduce high blood pressure
reduce alcohol consumption, reduce heart attack risk
stop smoking

89
Q

9 how do you treat CVD medically

A

statins
antiplatelets
beta blockers
nitrates

90
Q

9 what is a statin

A

reduce blood cholesterol, by removing it from liver
causes upset stomach

91
Q

9 what is antiplatelets

A

reduce heart attack risk by reducing stickiness of blood platelets
causes internal clotting

92
Q

9 what are beta blockers

A

reduce blood pressure by blocking the affects of adrenaline, improves blood flow
causes dizziness and tiredness
IS A PERFOMANCING ENHANCING DRUG

93
Q

9 what are nitrates

A

widen blood vessels to relax blood vessels, allow lower pressure of blood flowing around body
causes headaches and dizziness

94
Q

9 how do you treat CVD surgically

A

replace valves, stop heart failure and ensure heart is working right
widen partially blocked arteries using stents
bypass blocked coronary arteries using extracted blood vessels
sometimes a heart transplant is required, from a recently deceased patient

95
Q

10 what is an organ transplant

A

damaged organs are replaced with new ones
has to be carefully matched to recipient
if it is not matched, the immune system will destroy it like a disease

96
Q

10 how do you reduce risk of rejection in an organ transplant

A

match tissue types
immunosuppressant drugs are given
reduce the effect of the immune system

97
Q

10 how are embryonic stem cells used to treat medical conditions

A

test new drugs for safety and effectiveness
manufacture new brain cells
rebuild bones and cartilage
making replacement heart valves
stem cell therapy, but long term side effects are unknown

98
Q

10 what is the ethical debate on modern advances in medicine

A

using stem cells or gene therapy may feel unnatural
religion is against it, mostly
many people will be cured of diseases with no cures right now

99
Q

10 what is gene therapy

A

placing a fully functioning allele into a cell containing a faulty allele for the same gene

100
Q

10 how does gene therapy work

A

cut out the normal gene using a restriction enzyme
produce many copes of the healthy allele by putting it in bacteria
insert copies of the healthy allele by injecting into the body/cell
when the virus infects a cell, DNA is placed in it

101
Q

10 what are the difficulties of gene therapy

A

healthy alleles may not go into every target cell
healthy alleles may join chromosome in random places, so they don’t work properly
treatment may be short lived
cells may be replaced naturally
illegal in the UK

102
Q

10 what future advances in medicine may be made?

A

locating genes which link to inherited diseases
develop drugs to target disease causing genes
develop new gene therapy treatments for currently uncurable diseases
develop personalised medicines, which can specifically target YOU and work for your cells only
produce fewer side effects

Biology (8 decks)

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