Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

What is prokaryotes?
خلايا البدائية ؟

A

Prokaryotic cells are simple cells that do not contain membrane-bound organelles.

الخلايا بدائية النوى هي خلايا بسيطة لا تحتوي على عضيات محاطة بأغشية .

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2
Q

Why Prokaryotes important to human?

ليش خلايا البدائية مهم للإنسان ؟

A

in food production, in industry and the environment.

إنتاج الغذاء، وفي الصناعة والبيئة.

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3
Q

What are the features of prokaryotes?

A

-1- Their cells are simple and do not contain organelles surrounded by membranes.
2- It does not have a nucleus, but rather it has a contains DNA.
-3- Important for humans in food production, industry and the environment.
-4- The most numerous creatures on the surface of the Earth and spread in various places.
-5- It can live in harsh conditions such as hot springs and salt lakes

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4
Q

Dose prokaryotes have a nucleus?

A

It does not have a nucleus, but rather it has contains DNA.

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5
Q

Where can Archaebacteria survive?
Extreme

A

extreme environments in which other living organisms do not exist.

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6
Q

Halophilic bacteria

محبة للملوحة

A

They live in very salty environments * They are usually aerobic bacteria, some of which carry out the process of photosynthesis, but use protein instead of the pigment.

(تعيش في اوساط مالحة جدا * هي بكتيريا هوائية عادة بعضها يقوم بعملية البناء الضوئي ولكن تستعمل البروتين بدلا من صبغة الكلورفيل.)

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7
Q

Methane bacteria

المولدة لغاز الميثان

A

Located in processing facilities Sewage water, Human digestive system Anaerobic (cannot live in the presence of oxygen) uses dioxide Carbon in breathing and methane released as waste.

(توجد في منشأت معالجة ,مياة المجارى , الهضمية لللإنسان, لاهوائية (لا تسطيع العيش في وجود الاكسجين ) تستخدم ثاني اكسيد الكربون في التنفس وتطلق غاز الميثان كمخلفات.)

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8
Q

Eubacteria

*بكتيريا الحقيقية *

A

Eubacteria are found almost everywhere except in extreme environments.

(توجد البكتيريا الحقيقية في كل مكان تقريبا إلا في البيئات القاسية.)

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9
Q

Prokaryote structure

A

•وحيدة الخلية
DNA وريبوسومات•
غشاء للنواة•
المتيوكوندريا•

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10
Q

How chromosomes arranged in prokaryote?

A

Chromosomes A small piece of DNA is located inside a bacterial cell called a plasmid and it also has a circular arrangement.

(الكروموسومات توجد قطعة صغيرة من(DNA) داخل خلية بكتيرية تسمى البلازميد ولها أيضًا ترتيب حلقي.)

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11
Q

What is the role of capsule (المحفظة) in prokaryotic cells?

A
  1. Protecting the cell from drying out.
    2 . It helps bacteria stick to surfaces
  2. Protecting bacteria from being ingested by white blood cells.

(1. حماية الخلية من الجفاف.
2. تساعد البكتيريا على الالتصاق بالسطوح.
3. حماية البكتيريا من أن تبتلعها خلايا الدم البيضاء.

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12
Q

What is pili (الأهداب) ?

A

Very fine, hair-like protein structures surrounding the protozoan cell.

(تراكيب بروتينية دقيقة جدا تشبه الشعيرات تحيط بخلية البدائيات)

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13
Q

What is the function of a pili (الأهداب) ?

A
  1. It helps bacteria stick to surfaces.
  2. They act as a bridge connecting cells during conjugation.
  3. It helps transfer copies of the plasmid to other cells.

(1 تساعد البكتيريا على الالتصاق بالسطوح.
2. تعمل كجسر يربط بين الخلايا أثناء الاقتران.
3. تساعد في نقل نسخا من البلازميد إلى خلايا أخرى.

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14
Q

Give a small description on size of prokaryotic bacteria?

A

Very small, it cannot be seen with the naked eye.

(صغير جدًا، ولا يمكن رؤيتها بالعين المجردة)

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15
Q

Difference between positive and negative gram bacteria?

A

*Gram positive *
•does not contain a lipid layer.
•dark crimson in color.

Gram negative
•has a lipid layer.
•light pink in color.

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16
Q

What is Gram stain?

A

(Gram stain)
to distinguish between the two main types of bacteria. The bacterial cells are stained with the Gram stain.

(صبغة جرام)
للتمييز بين نوعي البكتيريا الرئيسين فيتم صبغ الخلايا البكتيرية بصبغة جرام.

17
Q

What are the two movement methods of bacteria?

A

1- Movement by flagella
2- Movement by gliding

-1- الحركة بالأسواط
2- الحركة بالإنزلاق