Bacteria and antibiotic extras

Question 1

What are the two types of gram bacteria

Answer 1

Positive (single cell wall)

Negative (Double celled wall)

Question 2

What is the difference in peptidoglycan features between positive and negative bacteria

Answer 2

Positive = Exotocin - PRODUCE AND SECRETE VESICLES
Negative = Endotoxin(LPS) - FRAGMENTS BREAK OFF

Question 3

What types of antibiotics are part of B Lactams

Answer 3

Penicillins

Cephalosporins

Question 4

When are beta lactams used

Answer 4

Against strep and staph bacteria (Gram positive)

Question 5

What is used against MRSA and penicillin allergy

Answer 5

Vancomycin

Question 6

What do beta lactams attack

Answer 6

Cell wall

Question 7

What antibiotics inhibit folate production

Answer 7

Trimethoprim and Nitrofurontoin

Question 8

When are folate inhibitors commonly used

Answer 8

UTI

Question 9

What antibiotics target DNAgyrase

Answer 9

Fluorquinolones

Question 10

What are examples of fluoroquinolones

Answer 10

Ciprofloxacin

Question 11

When are fluorquinolones used

Answer 11

To target DNAgyrase for gram negative bacteria and S Pneumonia and enterococcus

Question 12

What is the main antibiotic used to target RNA polymerase

Answer 12

Rifampicin (USED AGAINST TB)

Question 13

What antibiotics target protein synthesis

Answer 13

Macrolides
Aminoglycosides
Tetracyclines

Question 14

What are the examples of macrolides and for what allergy are they used for

Answer 14

Erythromycin
Clarithromycin
Azithromycin
-When amoxicillin allergy

Question 15

What is an example of aminoglycosides

Answer 15

Gentamycin

Question 16

What are the SE of gentamicin (Aminoglycasides)

Answer 16

Nephrotoxicity

Ototoxicity

Question 17

What is an example of a tetracycline

Answer 17

Doxycline

Question 18

When is Flucloxacillin typically used

Answer 18

S Aureus AND ACG beta strep

Question 19

What are the common drugs against ACG b strep

Answer 19

Penicillin

Benzylpenicillin

Question 20

What drugs are used against S Pneumo

Answer 20

Amoxicillin

Benzylpenicillin

Question 21

What drug is used against listeria

Answer 21

Amoxicillin

Question 22

Beta lactams are ineffective against gram negative, what drugs are used instead

Answer 22

Ciprofloxacin (FQ)
Ceftriaxone and Cefotaxime (3rd Ceph)
Trimethoprim (UTI)

Question 23

What is the normal mechanism for folate production

Answer 23

mTHF to THF

-w/ Dihydrofolate reductase

Question 24

What drugs target dihyrdofolate reductase to inhibit folate prodcution

Answer 24

Trimethoprim and Nitrofurantoin

Question 25

What are the two modes of antibiotic resistance

Answer 25

Intrinsic - Normal resistance

Acquired - Mutation/Horizontal gene transfer

Question 26

What are the two types of acquired antibiotic resitance

Answer 26

Spontaneous mutation

Horizontal gene transfer

Question 27

What are the three steps to antibiotic resistance by Horizontal gene transfer

Answer 27

Conjugation (plasmid DNA transfer)
Transformation (DNA uptake)
Transduction (Bactereophage mediates DNA exchange)

Question 28

How does bacteria resist Antibiotics

Answer 28

• Change Abx target
• Destroy Abx
• Prevent Abx by decreasing bacterial permeability)

Question 29

How does MRSA resist vancomycin

Answer 29

Genetic mutation changes cell wall

Vancomycin ineffective

Question 30

How does VRE resist penicilliens

Answer 30

Change peptidoglycan synthesis pathway

penicillin resistant

Question 31

What three bacterias produce B Lactamase(breakdown B Lactam)

Answer 31

Bacteriodes
H Influenzae
N Gonorrhea

Question 32

What are extended spectrum B Lactamases

Answer 32

E Coli and Klebsiella (UTI)

Question 33

How is resistant E coli and Klebsiella treated in UTI

Answer 33

Nitrofurantoin

Question 34

When are Carbapenems used

Answer 34

Last resort if B Lactams and vancomycin don’t work on gram positive

Question 35

What antibiotic is used to treat Carbapenem resistant enterobacteria

Answer 35

Temoxicillin