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You'll love Neuroscience, baby > Basal Galunggong > Flashcards

Basal Galunggong Flashcards

1
Q

Collection of gray matter nuclei located deep within the cerebral white matter

A

BASAL GANGLIA

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2
Q

Location of Basal Ganglia

A

Deep within the cerebral white matter

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3
Q

Striatum neostriatum

A

Caudate nucleus and Putamen

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4
Q

Paleostriatum or pallidum

A

Globus Pallidus

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5
Q

Subthalamic nucleus

A

Nucleus of Luys

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6
Q

Ventral striatum

A

Nucleus accumbens

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7
Q

Putamen and Globus Pallidus collectively

A

Lentiform Nucleus

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8
Q

Caudate Nucleus, Putamen, and Globus Pallidus collectively

A

Corpus Striatum

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9
Q

CPAGCla Structures of Basal Ganglia

A

Caudate Nucleus, Putamen, Amygdaloid nuclear Complex, Claustrum

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10
Q

Horizontal section of Basal Ganglia Lateral to Medial

A

Insula>Extreme capsule> Claustrum> External Capsule>Putamen>External Medullary Lamina> External segment of GPe> Internal medullary lamina>Intenal segment of GPi> Internal capsule

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11
Q

Elongated arched gray cellular mass related throughout its extent to the lateral ventricle

A

Caudate Nucleus

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12
Q

Shape of caudate nucleus

A

C-shaped

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13
Q

What lies lateral to caudate nucleus

A

Thalamus

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14
Q

What separates the lateral surface of the caudate nucleus from the lentiform nucleus

A

Internal capsule

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15
Q

enlarged, protrudes into anterior horn of lateral ventricle

A

Head of caudate nuclei

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16
Q

dorsolateral to the thalamus near the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle

A

Body of Caudate Nucleus

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17
Q

follows the curvature of the inferior horn of lateral ventricle and enters the temporal lobe; terminates in the region of the amygdaloid complex

A

Tail of Caudate Nucleus

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18
Q

Where do the tail of caudate nucleus terminate

A

Region of amygdaloid complex

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19
Q

Where do the tail of caudate enters

A

Temporal Lobe

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20
Q

Wedge shaped with apex directed medially

A

Lentiform Nucleus

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21
Q

Shape of Lentiform Nucleus

A

Wedge

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22
Q

Broad convex base of Lentiform Nuclei is directed

A

Laterally

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23
Q

Outer of Lentiform Nuclei

A

Putamen

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24
Q

Inner of Lentiform Nuclei

A

Globus Pallidus

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25
Q

Between the internal and external capsule

A

Lentiform Nucleus

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26
Q

Medial of Lentiform Nuclei

A

Internal Capsule

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27
Q

Lateral of Lentiform Nuclei

A

External Capsule

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28
Q

What separates Lentiform Nucleus from claustrum

A

External capsule

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29
Q

Most lateral part of the corpus striatum

A

Putamen

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30
Q

Darker and larger than Globus Palidus

A

Putamen

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31
Q

Between the external capsule and the lateral medullary lamina of the globus pallidus

A

Putamen

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32
Q

Rostral part is continuous ventromedially with the head of the caudate

A

Putamen

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33
Q

Most medial part of the lentiform nucleus

A

Globus Palidus

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34
Q

Lighter, inner portion of the Lentiform Nuclei

A

Globus Pallidus

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35
Q

High concentration of myelinated fibers

A

Globus Pallidus

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36
Q

Medial border of the Globus Pallidus

A

fibers of the posterior limb of internal capsule

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37
Q

What separates the 2 segments of globus pallidus

A

Medial Medullary Lamina

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38
Q

striated appearance produced by strands of gray matter passing through the internal capsule and connecting the caudate nucleus to the putamen

A

Striatum

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39
Q

Receives inputs to basal ganglia

A

Striatum

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40
Q

Caudate and putamen separated by internal capsule but remain joined in some places by

A

Cellular Bridges

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41
Q

Anteriorly and ventrally, putamen is fused with

A

Head of caudate = ventral striatum

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42
Q

Dorsal to the crus cerebri

A

Substantia nigra

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43
Q

Neurotransmitter of Substantia Nigra

A

Dopamine

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44
Q

2 portions of Substantia Nigra

A

Substantia nigra pars reticulata and Substantia nigra pars compacta

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45
Q

Ventral part of Substantia Nigra

A

Substantia nigra pars reticulata

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46
Q

Cells similar to globus pallidus interna (GPi)

A

Substantia nigra pars reticulata

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47
Q

Separated by internal capsule from GPi

A

Substantia nigra pars reticulata

48
Q

Dorsal part of Substantia Nigra

A

Substantia nigra pars compacta

49
Q

Darkly pigmented dopaminergic neurons

A

Substantia nigra pars compacta

50
Q

Located under the Thalamus

A

Subthalamic Nucleus

51
Q

Shape of Subthalamic Nucleus

A

Spindle or cigar shaped

52
Q

Main input/receptive site of Basal Ganglia

A

striatum (caudate, putamen)

53
Q

Main output site of Basal Ganglia

A

GPi and substantia nigra pars reticulata

54
Q

Excitatory neuron of the basal ganglia

A

Glutamate

55
Q

Inhibitory neuron of Basal Ganglia

A

gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

56
Q

Disinhibition of thalamic control

A

Direct Pathway

57
Q

On / Initiation of movement

A

Direct Pathway

58
Q

Disinhibition of subthalamus

A

Indirect Pathway

59
Q

Decreased activity of motor cortex

A

Indirect Pathway

60
Q

Removal of excess unwanted movement

A

Indirect Pathway

61
Q

net effect is: Excitatory = facilitate movement in targeted muscles

A

Direct Pathway

62
Q

net effect is: Inhibitory = inhibition of unwanted movement

A

Indirect Pathway

63
Q

Net effect: Coordinated and smooth movement

A

Hyperdirect Pathway

64
Q

Activates STN directly from motor cortex w/out intervening striatum

A

Hyperdirect Pathway

65
Q

striatum and most implicated in diseases of the basal ganglia

A

D1 & D2 receptors

66
Q

excitatory; stimulates adenyl cyclase; stimulates direct pathway

A

D1 receptors

67
Q

inhibitory; inhibits indirect pathway

A

D2 receptor

68
Q

nucleus accumbens

A

D3 receptor

69
Q

frontal cortex and certain limbic structures

A

D4 receptor

70
Q

hippocampus and limbic system

A

D5 receptor

71
Q

containing neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta degenerate

A

Dopamine in Parkinson’s

72
Q

Direct pathway in Parkinson’s Disease

A

Diminished activity

73
Q

Indirect pathway in Parkinson’s disease

A

increased activity

74
Q

Increase inhibition of thalamic nuclei and reduce excitation of cortical motor system

A

Parkinson’s Disease

75
Q

Degeneration of striatal neurons

A

Huntington’s Disease

76
Q

Indirect pathway is more severely affected

A

Huntington’s Disease

77
Q

Sweeps around the internal capsule

A

Ansa lenticularis (“lenticular loop”)

78
Q

Looping course ventrally under the internal
capsule before passing dorsally to thalamus

A

Ansa lenticularis (“lenticular loop”)

79
Q

Passes slightly rostrally as it loops around the inferior medial edge of the internal capsule, and it then turns back towards the thalamus

A

Ansa lenticularis (“lenticular loop”)

80
Q

Traverse the internal capsule in a number of small fascicles and then continues medially and caudally to join the ansa in the prerubral field

A

Fasciculus lenticularis

81
Q

Penetrate straight through the internal capsule

A

Fasciculus lenticularis

82
Q

pass dorsal to the subthalamic nucleus and ventral to the zona incerta before turning superiorly and laterally to enter the thalamus

A

Fasciculus lenticularis

83
Q

thalamic fasciculus

A

H1

84
Q

lenticular fasciculus that is dorsal to the subthalamic nucleus

A

H2

85
Q

region where the ansa lenticularis and lenticular fasciculus join together

A

H(prerubral field)

86
Q

arries fibers of the indirect pathway from GPe and STN, and from STN to GPi

A

Subthalamic fasciculus

87
Q

Slowed movement

A

Bradykinesia

88
Q

Decreased amount of movements

A

Hypokinesia

89
Q

Absence of movement

A

Akinesia

90
Q

Marked psychomotor retardation in patients with schizophrenia or severe depression; not a basal ganglia lesion

A

Catatonia

91
Q

Increased resistance to passive movement of the limb

A

Rigidity

92
Q

More continuous throughout attempts to bend the limb

A

Lead Pipe Rigidity

93
Q

Ratchet-like interruptions in tone

A

Cogwheel Rigidity

94
Q

frontal lobe dysfunction actively resist movement of their limbs; more active, inconsistent, or almost voluntary quality

A

Paratonia or gegenhalten

95
Q

Assumes abnormal, often distorted positions of limbs, trunk, or face that are more sustained or slower than athetosis

A

Dystonia

96
Q

torticollis, blepharospasms, spasmodic dysphonia, writer’s cramp

A

Focal

97
Q

XDP

A

Generalized

98
Q

slow writhing, twisting movements usually of the fingers and extremities (can also be seen on face, trunk) that sometimes merge with faster choreic movements (choreoathetosis)

A

Athetosis

99
Q

“dance”, characterized by nearly continuous involuntary movements that have a fluid or jerky, constantly varying quality

A

Chorea

100
Q

Incessant, random, moderately quick movements

A

Chorea

101
Q

Movement of the proximal limb muscles with large amplitude or more rotatory flinging quality

A

Ballismus

102
Q

unilateral flinging movements of extremities contralateral to the lesion

A

Hemiballismus

103
Q

leading to decreased pallidal inhibition of the thalamus

A

Subthalamic nucleus lesion

104
Q

Becomes subtler choreoathetotic movements over days or weeks after infarct

A

Ballismus

105
Q

Sudden brief action preceded by urge to perform it and is followed by a sense of relief

A

Tics

106
Q

more often face or neck, less often extremities

A

Motor tics

107
Q

brief grunts, coughing, sounds, howling, barking or vocalizations (coprolalia – obscene words)

A

Vocal Tics

108
Q

persistent motor and vocal tics

A

Tourette’s syndrome

109
Q

Shock-like, lightning fast contractions of muscles or group of muscles

A

Myoclonus

110
Q

Fastest of all movement disorders

A

Myoclonus

111
Q

intermittent brief flexion movements of the wrists bilaterally as patient attempts to hold “stop the traffic” position; caused by brief interruptions in contraction of the wrist extensors = negative myoclonus; hepatic encephalopathy, other metabolic-toxic encephalopathies and other structural lesions of cerebello-thalamo-cortical

A

Asterixis (flapping tumor)

112
Q

most prominent when limbs are relaxed, decreases or stops when patient move their limbs

A

Resting Tremor (3-5Hz)

113
Q

most prominent when limbs are actively held in a position, disappears at rest

A

Postural Tremor

114
Q

familial, benign, or senile tremor

A

Essential tremor (5-8Hz)

115
Q

Physiologic tremor

A

(8 -13Hz)

116
Q

occurs patients attempts to move their limbs toward a target and has irregular, oscillating movements in multiple planes throughout trajectory; cerebellar disorder

A

Intention tremor or ataxic tremor (2-4Hz)

117
Q

low amplitude at rest but becomes more violet as limbs are abducted slightly or attempts are made to hold a position or perform a movement

A

Rubral tremor (2-4Hz)

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