Basic Genetics

Question 1

DNA

Answer 1

Deoxyribonucleic acid; macromolecules that is the main component of chromosomes and is the material that transfers a genetic characteristics in all life forms.
Structured as a double helix of polymers of nucleotides
(purine and pyrimidine bases):
adenine, guanine, thymine and cytosine
The genetic information of DNA is encoded in the sequence of the bases and is transcribed as the strands unwind and replicate

Question 2

RNA

Answer 2

ribonucleic acid; a class of single-stranded molecules transcribed from DNA  in the cell nucleus or in the mitochondrion or chloroplast that controls protein synthesis in all living cells. 
The composition of the RNA molecule is identical with that of DNA except for the substitution of the sugar ribose for deoxyribose and the substation of the nucleotide base URACIL for thymine

Question 3

Chromosome

Answer 3

the structures within a nucleus that contain a linear thread of DNA, which transmits genetic information; genes are arranged along the strand of DNA and constitute portions of the DNA.
Any of several threadlike bodies, consisting of chromatin, that carry the genes in a linear order: the human species has
23 pairs, designated 1 to 22 in order of decreasing size and X and Y for the female and male sex chromosomes respectively

Question 4

Autosome

Answer 4

any chromosome other than the sex chromosomes ; appears as a homologous pair in somatic cell.
Humans have 22 pairs of autosomes, which transmit all genetic traits and conditions other than those that are sex linked

Question 5

Sex chromosome

Answer 5

chromosomes associated with determination of sex

Question 6

Homologous chromosomes

Answer 6

a pair of matching chromosomes in an organisms, with one is being inherited from each parents

Question 7

Locus

Answer 7

the site of a gene on a chromosome

Question 8

Allele

Answer 8

one of two or more different genes that may occupy a specific locus on a chromosome; any of two or more variants of a gene that have the same relative position on homologous chromosomes and are responsible for alternative characteristics such as smooth or wrinkled seeds in peas; any of several forms of a gene, usually arising through mutation, that are responsible for hereditary variation

Question 9

Gene

Answer 9

a unit of inheritance within a chromosome

Question 10

Genotype

Answer 10

an individuals actual genetic makeup

Question 11

Phenotype

Answer 11

the outward expression of genes (blood type)

on blood cells, serologically demonstrable antigens constitute phenotype

Question 12

Antigen

Answer 12

a substance recognized by the body as being foreign, which can cause an immune response.
In blood banking, antigens are usually, but not exclusively, found on the red cell membrane

Question 13

Dominant alleles

Answer 13

a trait or characteristic that will be expressed in the offspring even though it is only carried on one of the homologous chromosomes

Question 14

Recessive alleles

Answer 14

a type of gene that, in the presence of its dominant allele does not express itself; expression occurs when it is inherited in the homozygous state

Question 15

Codominant alleles

Answer 15

a pair of genes in which neither is dominant over the other; that is they are both expressed

Question 16

sex linked

Answer 16

a genetic characteristic located on the X or Y chromosomes

Question 17

homozygote

Answer 17

possessing a pair of identical alleles

Question 18

heterozygote

Answer 18

an individual with different alleles for a given characteristic

Question 19

amorph

Answer 19

a gene that does not appear to produce a detectable antigen; a silent gene, such as Jk, Lu, and O

Question 20

meiosis

Answer 20

type of cell division of germ cells in which two successive divisions of the nucleus produce cells that contain half the number of chromosomes present in somatic cells

Question 21

mitosis

Answer 21

type of cell division in which each daughter cell contains the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
All cells except sex cells undergo mitosis

Question 22

crossing over

Answer 22

form of recombination in which chromosomes become paired inside a fertilized cell and are pressed together.. Chromosome may break and each may swap a portion of its genetic material for the matching portions from its mates

Question 23

4 patterns of inheritance:

1. Autosomal dominant inheritance

Answer 23

most blood group antigens fit into this category

Question 24

4 patterns of inheritance:

2. Autosomal recessive inheritance

Answer 24

a genetic contains that appears only in individuals who have received two copies of an autosomal gene, one copy from each parents. The gene is on an autosome, a nonsex chromosome. For example, cystic fibrosis of an autosomal recessive disorder

Question 25

4 patterns of inheritance:

3. X linked dominant inheritance

Answer 25

an x-linked dominant trait in blood group genetic is the Xga blood group

Question 26

4 patterns of inheritance:

4. X linked recessive inheritance

Answer 26

Hemophilia A is an example