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CBFM > Basic Hormonal Regulation > Flashcards

Basic Hormonal Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

Describe Endocrine: Cell-to-Cell communication

A
  • Endocrine gland or cells secret hormones
  • Travel in blood
  • Interact with their receptors
  • Physiological effects
  • Non-endocrine communications
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2
Q

Describe role of receptor in Hormonal communication

A
  • Hormones function through their receptor
  • Water-soluble hormones interact with their receptors on the cell surface
    • Short-lived
  • Fat-soluble hormones interact with their intracellular receptors
    • Long-lasting
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3
Q

The Pancreas (recall both endocrine & exocrine functions)

A

Exocrine (synthesize/excrete digestive enzymes/zymogens):

  1. Trypsinogen
  2. Chymotrypsinogen
  3. Pancreatic lipase
  4. Amylase

Endocrine (hormones):

  1. Insulin (beta cells)
  2. Glucagon (alpha cells)
  3. Gastrin (delta cells)
  4. Pancreatic polypeptide (F cells)
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4
Q

Insulin processing

A

Preproinsulin==> Proinsulin ==> Insulin

C-peptide is secreted together with insulin (useful for dx)

Insulin from different species are very similar

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5
Q

Insulin Synthesis and Secretion (image) Part 1

A
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6
Q

Insulin synthesis and secretion part 2

A
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7
Q

Insulin signaling pathways (in Muscle and adipose tissue)

A
  • Insulin receptor (2α2β subunits)
  • Binding of ligand leads to phosphorylation
    • β subunit (auto)
    • Insulin receptor subunit (IRS)
  • In muscle and adipose cells
    • GLT4 translocate to membrane
    • Glucose uptake
    • Glycogen synthesis (muscle)
    • Fat synthesis (adipocyte)
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8
Q

Effects of insulin on tissues

A
  1. Metabolically, insulin mainly affects
  • Liver
  • Muscle
  • Adipocyte
  1. Mechanistically
  • Enzymatic activity (phosphorylation status)
  • Amount of enzymes (inducing expression)
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9
Q

Glucagon

A
  • Synthesized in pancreas alpha cells
  • Preproglucagon to preglucagon to glucagon
  • Secretion is Inhibited by
    • Insulin
    • Glucose
    • Glucagon inversely proportional to insulin
  • Secretion is enhanced by
    • Amino acids
    • Catecholamine
    • Glucocorticoids
    • Nervous system
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10
Q

Glucagon signal transduction

A

See image

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11
Q

Glucagon sugnaling (image)

A
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12
Q

Glucagon Effects on Target Cells

A
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13
Q

Regulation of Blood Glucose by Insulin/Glucagon

A

Feeding leads to insulin secretion

Fasting leads to glucagon secretion

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14
Q

Dysregulation of metabolism in DM

A

Type 1 Diabetes

  • childhood
  • thin
  • 10%

Type 2 Diabetes

  • adolescence
  • obese
  • >90%
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15
Q

Catecholamines

A

Catecholamines

  1. Neurotransmitter
  • DOPA
  • Dopamine
  1. Hormone
  • Norepinephrine
  • Epinephrine

Synthesized in adrenal medulla in response to

  1. Physical
  2. Psychological
  3. Cold

Co-factors: tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), vitamin C, B6, B12, Folate

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16
Q

Catecholamine functions

A
  • Function through their receptors (7 transmembrane)
  • The ß2 receptor-mediated effects similar toglucagon receptor
  • [Activate adenylate cyclase, Increase cAMP, activate PKA]

The fight or flight hormones:

(Effects of catecholamines)

▪ Slow down gut

▪ Speed up heart

▪ Increase sweating

▪ Mobilize stores of energy (glycogen and fat)

17
Q

Effects of Epi on metabolism

A

NOTE: Opposing effects of epinephrine on heart and liver!

18
Q

How Can Epinephrerine Exert Opposite Effects on Heart Muscle and Liver (FYI)

A
19
Q

Cortisol

A
  1. Cortisol is a derivative of cholesterol from adrenal cortex
  2. Directly regulated by ACTH (adrenalcorticotropin hormone, anterior pituitary) in a diurnal rhythm
  3. ACTH is regulated by CRH (Corticotropin releasing hormone) from the hypothalamus
  4. Hypothalamus/pituitary/adrenal axis (HPA axis)
20
Q

Transportation and Function of Cortisol

A
  • Cortisol binds corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG, aka transcortin) and albumin in the blood
  • CBG transports cortisol through blood
  • Hormone (H) diffuse to the cytosol and binds to its receptor (R)
  • H-R translocates to the nucleus interacts with hormone responsive element (HRE)
  • Mediates gene expression
  • Slow but long lasting
21
Q

Effect of Cortisol on Blood Glucose

A

Virtually, all tissues/cells have cortisol receptor

Hypothalamus/pituitary/adrenal axis (HPA axis)

Feedback regulation

Working with other hormones to deal with low blood glucose in different time-frames

22
Q

Cortisol Effect on metabolism and Hypercortisolism-Cushing’s Syndrome

A

Thin arms and legs, Central Obesity

  1. Mobilizing lipids (adipose) and proteins (muscle)
  • Lipolysis (increased)
  • Protein degradation (increased)
  1. Liver
    * Gluconeogenesis and glycogen synthesis (increased)
23
Q

Thyroid Hormone

A
  • Thyroid hormone is synthesized in thyroid gland
    • Thyroid follicle
      • Follicular cells
      • Colloid
  • Derivatives of tyrosine
    • T3 (more potent)
    • T4
24
Q

Synthesis of Thyroid Hormone

A
  1. TRH (thyrotropin-releasing hormone) from hypothalamus
  2. TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) from pituitary
  3. TSH interact with TSH receptor (TSHR)
  4. Thyroglobulin (Tgb) synthesis: containing many tyrosineswhich are used to produce T3 and T4
  5. Thyroid hormones in blood are bound and transferred by TBG (thyroxine binding globulin)
25
Q

Thyroid Hormone Function

A
  1. Without hormone, thyroid hormone receptor (TR) recruits co-repressors and inhibits gene expression (A)
  2. Thyroid hormone diffuse through both plasma and nuclear membranes (B); after binding to thyroid, TR dissociates from co-repressors and recruits co-activator and enhance gene expression (B)
  3. Stimulates Na+,K+-ATPase (uses energy)
  4. Increases metabolism, especially in liver
  5. Generates heat
  6. Amplifies epinephrine effects in lipolysis
26
Q

Regulation (Feedback)

A

image

27
Q

DZ’s associated with HYPER-& HYPO-thyroidism

A

Hyperthyroidism

  1. Graves Disease
  2. Excessive sweating
  3. Weight loss
  4. Anxiety, stress
  5. Fast heart rate, palpitations
  6. Hypermetabolic state

Hypothyroidism

  1. Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis
  2. Cold intolerance
  3. Slow weight gain
  4. Fatigue
  5. Slow heart rate, metabolism
  6. Hypometabolic state
28
Q

PTH

A

image

29
Q
A

CBFM (7 decks)

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