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ICA > Basic Skin Biology > Flashcards

Basic Skin Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the skin

(6)

A
  • Protective barrier against environmental insults
  • Temperature regulation
  • Sensation
  • Vitamin D synthesis
  • Immunosurveillance
  • Cosmesis - appearance is very important to psychological wellbeing
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2
Q

Erythroderma complications (red widespread exfoliative rash)

A

AKA - total skin failure
* Hypothermia - loss of thermoregulation
* Infection - loss of protective layer
* Renal failure - insensible losses (of sweat etc)
* High output cardiac failure - dilated skin vessels
* Protein malnutrition - due to high turnover of skin as top layer is lost

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3
Q

What is erythroderma?

A
  • > 90% of body surface is affected by erythematous and exfoliative rash
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4
Q

Causes of erythroderma

A
  • Psoriasis
  • Eczema
  • Drugs
  • Cutaneous T cell lymphoma
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5
Q

Symptoms of erythroderma

A
  • Pruritus
  • Fatigue
  • Anorexia
  • Feeling cold
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6
Q

Signs of erythroderma

A
  • Erythematous
  • Thickened
  • Inflamed
  • Scaly
  • No sparing - no pattern to rash
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7
Q

3 layers of the skin

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis

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8
Q

What cells are found within the epidermis and their function?

A
  • Keratinocytes - protective barrier
  • Langerhan cells - antigen presenting cells
  • Melanocytes - produce melanin which provides pigment to the skin and protects cell nuclei from UV DNA damage
  • Merkel cells - contain specialised nerve endings for sensation
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9
Q

What are the four layers of epidermis top to bottom?

A

Stratum corneum
(stratum Lucidum on palms and soles of feet)
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale

Come Lets Get Sun Burned

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10
Q

What does each epidermal layer represent?

A

Different stage of maturation of keratinocyte - cells start at basale as cuboidal cells, as they rise they are flattened and lose blood supply becoming keratinised

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11
Q

Average epidermal turn over time

A

30 days

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12
Q

What 3 things can pathology of epidermis cause?

A

Change in epithelial cell turnover
Change in surface of the skin
Changes in pigmentation of the skin

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13
Q

Typical presentation of psorasis lesions

A

Erythematous
Scaly
Plaques
Well-defined

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14
Q

Typical presentation of vitiligo

A

Well defined
Patches
Hypo-pigmentation

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15
Q

What composes the dermis?

(3)

A

Collagen
Elastin
Glycosaminoglycans

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16
Q

Function of dermis

A

Provides strength and elasticity - the plump layer, can deteriorate as we age

17
Q

What cells does dermis contain?

A
  • Immune cells
  • Nerve cells
  • Skin appendages
  • Lymphatics
  • Blood vessels
18
Q

What is dermatographia?

A

Where you can write across the skin and it will leave a erythematous raised mark

19
Q

What is ‘wheal’?

A

Discrete, transient raised marks caused by oedema within dermal layer

20
Q

What is the function of sebaceous glands?

A

Produce sebum through hair follicles (pilosebaceous unit)
= secrete sebum onto skin to lubricate it

21
Q

When are sebaceous glands active? What stimulates them?

A

After puberty
Conversion of androgen to dihydrotestosterone

22
Q

What is associated with acne vulgaris?

A

Increased sebum production and bacterial colonisation - cutibacterium acne

23
Q

Two types of sweat glands and their function in skin

A

Produce sweat - regulate body temperature

Eccrine - widely distributed
Apocrine - active after puberty, found in axillae, areolae, genitals and anus

24
Q

What does a hair within the skin consist of?

(2)

A

Hair shaft
Hair bulb (base)

25
Q

3 main types of hair

A

Lanugo - covers foetus in utero
Vellum - short hair all over body
Terminal hair - coarse long hair

26
Q

3 phases of growth cycle of a hair follicle

A

Anagen
Catagen
Telogen

If cycle is disrupted or increased loss vs growth then experience hair loss eg in cancer treatment

27
Q

Two types of balding

A

Patchy loss - eg seen in alopecia areata

Male pattern baldness - androgen driven loss

28
Q

Parts of nail

A

Nail plate
This arises from the nail matrix at the posterior nail fold (near cuticles)
Nail plate rests on nail bed

29
Q

What part of nail contains blood capillaries?

A

Nail bed - nourishes nail

30
Q

Conditions which can affect nails and what they can cause

A

Eczema/psoriasis - thickening and seperation of the nail from nail bed

Melanoma - rare but can cause hyperpigmented linear lesions on nail

ICA (13 decks)

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