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History - Tudor > Basic Terms > Flashcards

Basic Terms Flashcards

0
Q

Anti-clericalism

A

Hostility to, and unpopularity of, the church and its priests

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1
Q

Anglo-Catholicism

A

English Catholic Church set up in 1534 with King Henry VIII as the head

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2
Q

Arable

A

Farming land set aside for the growing of crops

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3
Q

Bondmen

A

Peasant farmers who had no freedom to choose where they lived and worked. They were tied to the manor on which they were born and brought up

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4
Q

Book of Homilies

A

A book containing a list of sermons and other religious tracts for use in daily worship

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6
Q

Burgesses

A

The most powerful members of a town’s citizens. They were often descended from a the town’s original founders and they also tended to hold the most important offices in the town’s administration

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7
Q

Calvinism

A

The influence and religious ideas and teachings of John Calvin of Geneva, a radical Protestant religious reformer who attacked the Catholic church’s wealth and privileges

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8
Q

Chancellor

A

Senior minister in the royal government who had control of the Great Seal used to authenticate and give legal force to laws

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9
Q

Chantries

A

Small religious houses endowed with lands to support one of more priests whose duty it was to sing masses for the souls of the deceased founder of members of the founding organisation

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10
Q

Christian humanism

A

The teaching of the original classical texts in their original Latin and Greek, and the study of the humanities as the basis of civilised life

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11
Q

Commonwealth

A

A community of shared interests where everyone, in theory, works for the common good

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12
Q

Consubstantiation

A

The belief that the sacramental bread and wine given by the priest to parishioners in church were a symbolic representation of the body and blood of Christ and therefore remained unchanged at communion

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13
Q

Convocation

A

An assembly of clergy that discussed Church matters, passed Church laws and regulated the way that the church was run

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14
Q

Cottagers

A

Poorer peasant farmers who were obliged to work on landowner’s land either for free or for a fixed some or money

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15
Q

Counter-reformation

A

Catholic reaction against the spread of Protestantism. Led by the Pope, the Catholic Church attempted to reconvert Protestants and bring them back to the Catholic faith

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16
Q

Craft guilds

A

Similar to trade unions, formed to protect and promote the particular trade of members

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17
Q

Debasement of the coinage

A

A process whereby the government tried to preserve its gold and silver reserves by reducing the amount of precious metal that went into making coins

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18
Q

Deflation

A

The reduction of the amount of money in circulation in order to increase its value

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19
Q

Diocese

A

A district under pastoral care of a bishop

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20
Q

Divine right

A

Belief that monarchs were chosen by God to rule the kingdom and that their word was law. To challenge their right to rule was the same as challenging God

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21
Q

Enclosure

A

The enclosing of lands by fences or hedges in order to divide large, open fields into smaller more manageable units

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22
Q

Entry fines

A

A custom by which a fixed sum of money was paid on taking up a tenancy by inheritance or by sale

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23
Q

Eucharist

A

The Christian sacrament commemorating the Last Supper in which bread and wine are consecrated and consumed

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24
Q

Husbandmen

A

Tenant-farmers who rented their land from the local landowners

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25
Q

Iconoclasm

A

The act of breaking, destroying or defacing religious images such as wall paintings or stained glass, and statues like those depicting Christ and the Virgin Mary

26
Q

Inflation

A

Price rises in goods, materials and foodstuffs

27
Q

Injunction

A

A law or decree issued by the crown to compel the clergy in the Church of England to follow a particular order or practice

28
Q

Justices of the Peace (JPs)

A

Magistrates, largely landowners who enforce the state’s rules and regulations in local courts of law

29
Q

Laity

A

Non-clerical general population, lay people

30
Q

Litany

A

Recital of religious teachings contained in the Book of Common Prayer

31
Q

Liturgy

A

The form or order of church services, as laid down by the church

32
Q

Lutheranism

A

Influence and religious ideas / teachings of Martin Luther. Protestant Ideology

33
Q

Minority government

A

Government by councillors when the ruler is a child or a minor

34
Q

Muster

A

The method by which the Crown mobilised the people for war by calling out the militia. Each country was obliged to raise, train and maintain a militia of able-bodied men for active service

35
Q

Ordination

A

Ceremony in which holy orders were conferred on priests enabling them to serve in parishes

36
Q

Paraphrases

A

A book containing a list of religious phrases, meanings and explanations for use in daily worship

37
Q

Pasture

A

Farming land set aside for the rearing of animals

38
Q

Predestination

A

Belief that a persons life has been mapped out by God before birth and cannot be changed

39
Q

Privy Council

A

Elite body of councillors drawn from the nobility and more powerful gentry who met with monarchy on a regular basis to offer their advice, frame laws, and govern the country

40
Q

Proclamations

A

The crown’s official or public announcements that included the right to make new laws, especially when parliament was not in session

41
Q

Protestant

A

Protested against and separated from the Roman Catholic Church

42
Q

Purgatory

A

A place between heaven and hell, where a persons soul suffered terrible torments in order to cleans it of sins

43
Q

Putting-out system

A

Manufacturing system whereby the raw material is put out for others to finish off

44
Q

Regency Council

A

A select group of noble councillors who govern the kingdom on behalf of a ruler who is a child

45
Q

Renaissance

A

Rebirth of learning and the arts, which encouraged writers and artists to become part of what was called the spirit of new learning

46
Q

Repeal

A

The procedure in parliament whereby laws are cancelled and removed from removed from the book listing current laws known as the Statute Book

47
Q

Royal supremacy

A

Act of Parliament restoring the Crown as Head of the Church or England

48
Q

Scripture

A

The books of the Church, including the Bible, and the writings of church fathers I.E. St. Augustine

49
Q

Statute law

A

Law passed in and by parliament

50
Q

Tithes

A

Tax amounting to 10% of a parishioners income (usually paid in goods) levied by the Church

51
Q

Transubstantiation

A

The belief that, at the moment of consecration the bread and wine change in substance, though not in appearances into the actual body and blood of Christ

52
Q

Vagrancy

A

wandering poor who have no permanent work or home

53
Q

Yeomen

A

A social class of richer peasants that may have been as wealthy as some of the gentry but were below them in social class

54
Q

Exchequer

A

The centre of the Crowns financial administration since the twelfth century. It had two functions, to receive, store, and pay out money, and to audit the Crown’s accounts

55
Q

Excommunicate

A

To cast a sinner out of the Roman Catholic Church. When dead, an excommunicate could not be buried on consecrated ground and the soul would go to hell

56
Q

Extreme unction

A

The act of being anointed with oils as part of a religious rite or ceremony

57
Q

Factions

A

Rival or opposing political groups led by powerful noblemen or noble families. Factions fought for control of the monarch

58
Q

Hanseatic League

A

Merchants from the mainly German city ports on the Baltic Sea who came together to form a trading Union and thus dominate trade in Northern Europe.

59
Q

Heresy

A

Speaking or writing things that attacked official Church teachings

60
Q

Holy Roman Empire

A

Collection of states of various covered Central Europe and northern Italy that was governed by an elected ruler, the emperor

61
Q

Holy Communion

A

The Protestant version of mass. Protestants took the bread and wine at a communion table, rather than at an altar

66
Q

Absolution

A

Forgiveness for committing a sin

History - Tudor (1 decks)

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