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MYCOLOGY AND VIROLOGY > Basic Virology > Flashcards

Basic Virology Flashcards

1
Q

Virus

A

Slimy liquid poison; substance produce by the body as tge result of disease, especially one that capable of infecting others

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2
Q

Viruses may have arisen from:

A
  1. Mobile genetic elements that gain the ability to move between cells
  2. May be descendats of previously living organisms
  3. Derived from DNA or RNA nucleic acid of host cells that become able to replicate autonomously and evolve independently
  4. Degenerate formd of intracellular parasites
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3
Q

Showed that a disease im tobacco was caused by a virus

A

1890, Ivanovski and Beijerinck

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4
Q

Discovered an animal virus that causes foot and mouth disease in cattle

A

1890, Loeffler and Frosch

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5
Q

Viruses that infected a bacterium

A

Bacteriohage or phages * They are needed for transduction

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6
Q

Viral growth cycle

A

*Viruses cannot replicate on their own

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7
Q

The period between the infection and the appearance of a matured virus in the cell *Virion

A

Eclipse period

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8
Q

Composed of regular, repeating subunits that gives rise to its crystalline appearance. Contain only those parts that it needed to invade and control host cell

A

Molecular structure

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9
Q

External coating

A

Capsid *Envelope- in 13 of the 20 families of animal viruses

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10
Q

no envelope

A

Naked virus

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11
Q

core

A

DNA (double stranded)
RNA (single stranded)

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12
Q

capsid + nucleic acid

A

Nucleocapsid

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13
Q

fully formed virus that can establish an infection in a host cell

A

Virion

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14
Q

Capsid is constructed from identical subunits called?

A

capsomers

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15
Q

types of capsid

A

Helical, Icosahedral, Complex

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16
Q

take a bit of the host cell membrane to form an envelope

A

enveloped viruses

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17
Q

In the envelope, some or all of the regular membrane proteins are replaced with

A

viral proteins

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18
Q

Some proteins form a___________ between the envelope and the capsid

A

binding layer

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19
Q

Glycoproteins remain exposed as spikes; essential for attachment

A

peplomers

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20
Q

Functions of the Viral Capsid/Envelope

A
  • Protect nucleic acids.
  • Help introduce the viral DNA or RNA into a suitable host cell.
  • Stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies that can protect the host cells against future infections.
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21
Q

at the core of the virus

A

Nucleic acid

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22
Q

the sum total of the genetic information carried by an organism

A

genome

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23
Q

exceptions to the rule

A

Parvoviruses contain single-stranded DNA

Reoviruses contain double-stranded RNA

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24
Q

DNA viruses

A
  • ssDNA
  • dsDNA
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25
Q

dsDNA

A

Linear, and circular

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26
Q

genomes that are ready for immediate translation into proteins

A

positive-sense RNA

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27
Q

genomes have to be converted into the proper form to be made into proteins

A

Negative-sense RNA

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28
Q

individual genes exist on separate pieces of RNA

A

segmented

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29
Q

the gold standard in the identification

A

molecular methods; genetic sequencing

30
Q

OTHER SUBSTANCES IN THE VIRUS PARTICLE

  • ENZYME
A

for specific operations within the host cell

31
Q

OTHER SUBSTANCES IN THE VIRUS PARTICLE

POLYMERASES

A

to synthesize DNA and RNA

32
Q

OTHER SUBSTANCES IN THE VIRUS PARTICLE

REPLICASES

A

to copy RNA

33
Q
  1. Structure
  2. Chemical composition
  3. Similarities in genetic makeup
A

MAIN CRITERIA

34
Q

International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses, 2000

A

3 orders
63 families “-viridae”
263 genera “-virus”

35
Q

7 GROUPS IN BALTIMORE’S CLASSIFICATION

A
  1. Double stranded DNA viruses
  2. Single stranded DNA viruses
  3. Double stranded RNA viruses
  4. Positive sense single stranded RNA viruses
  5. Negative sense single stranded RNA viruses
  6. Single stranded reverse transcribing RNA viruses
  7. Double stranded reverse transcribing DNA viruses
36
Q

I, II, VII

A

DNA viruses

37
Q

ENVELOPED VIRUSES

A

Poxviridae (complex) – linear

Herpesviridae – linear, icosahedral, toroid

Hepadnaviridae – circular

38
Q

NONENVELOPED dsDNA

A

Adenoviridae – linear, icosahedral

Papovaviridae – circular, icosahedral

39
Q

NONENVELOPED ssDNA

A

Parvoviridae

40
Q
  • Virus encounters susceptible host cells
  • Adsorbs specifically to receptor sites on the cell membrane

Because of the exact fit required, viruses have a limited host range

A

ADSORPTION

41
Q

Exact fit:

A

Exact fit: Lock and key model or goodness of fit model

42
Q
  • Flexible cell membrane of the host is penetrated by the whole virus or its nucleic acid
  • Endocytosis: entire virus engulfed by the cell and enclosed in a vacuole or vesicle
  • The viral envelope can also directly fuse with the host cell membrane
A

PENETRATION

43
Q
  • Enzymes in the vacuole dissolve the envelope and capsid
  • The virus is now uncoated
A

UNCOATING

44
Q

Free viral nucleic acid exerts control over the host’s synthetic and metabolic machinery

A

SYNTHESIS

45
Q

SYNTHESIS AND REPLICATION OF DNA VIRUSES

A

NUCLEUS

DNA enters the nucleus and is transcribed into RNA

The RNA becomes a message for synthesizing viral proteins (translation)

New DNA is synthesized using host nucleotides

46
Q

SYNTHESIS AND REPLICATION OF RNA VIRUSES

A

CYTOPLASM

47
Q

Mature virus particles are constructed from the growing pool of parts

A

ASSEMBLY

48
Q

RELEASE!

Nonenveloped and complex viruses are released when ?

A

the cell lyses or ruptures

49
Q

Enveloped viruses are liberated by?

A

EXOCYTOSIS OR BUDDING

50
Q

HOW MANY VIRIONS MAY BE RELASED?

A

3,000 TO 100,000

51
Q

ENTIRE LENGTH OF CYCLE

A

8-36 HOURS

52
Q

DAMAGE TO THE HOST CELL AND PERSISTENT INFECTIONS

virus-induced damage to the cell that alters its microscopic appearance

A

CYTOPATHIC EFFECTS

53
Q

compacted masses of viruses or damaged cell organelles

A

INCLUSION BODIES

54
Q

Response in Animal Cell

A

Virus

55
Q

Cells round up; inclusions appear in cytoplasm

A

Smallpox virus

56
Q

Cells fuse to form multinucleated syncytia; nuclear inclusions

A

Herpes simplex

57
Q

Clumping of cells; nuclear inclusions

A

ADENOVIRUS

58
Q

Cell lysis; no inclusions

A

POLIOVIRUS

59
Q

Cell enlargement; vacuoles and inclusions in cytoplasm

A

REOVIRUS

60
Q

Cells round up; no inclusions

A

INFLUENZA VIRUS

61
Q

No change in cell shape; cytoplasmic inclusions (Negri bodies)

A

RABIES VIRUS

62
Q

Syncytia form (multinucleate)

A

Measles virus

63
Q

Some viral infections maintain a _________ wherein the cell harbors the virus and is not immediately lysed

A

CARRIER RELATIONSHIP

64
Q

from a few weeks to remainder of the host’s life

A

PERSISTENT INFECTIONS

SLOW VIRUSES

65
Q

Some viruses remain in __________, periodically becoming activated

A

a chronic latent state

Herpes viruses and Varicella-Zoster virus (VZV)

66
Q

Some viruses enter their host cell and _______ its genetic material, leading to cancer

A

PERMANENTLY ALTER

Oncogenic viruses
Their effect is called transformation

67
Q

mammalian viruses capable of initiating tumors

A

ONCOVIRUSES

68
Q

VIRUSES THAT INFECT BACTERIA

A
  • Bacteriophages
  • Most contain dsDNA
  • Often make the bacteria they infect more pathogenic for humans
69
Q
  • Icosahedral capsid head containing DNA
  • Central tube surrounded by a sheath
  • Collar
  • Base plate
  • Tail pins
  • Fibers
A

T-EVEN PHAGES

70
Q

special DNA phages that undergo adsorption and penetration but are not replicated or released immediately

Instead, the viral DNA enters an inactive _________

A

TEMPERATE PHAGES ; PROPHAGE STAGE

71
Q

the cell’s progeny will also have the temperate phage DNA

A

Lysogeny

72
Q

when a bacterium acquires a new trait from its temperate phage

A

LYSOGENIC CONVERSION

MYCOLOGY AND VIROLOGY (1 decks)

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