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Basics Flashcards

2
Q

Growth (is, from)

A

Increase height/weight/organ size

From increased cell number, size or intercellular substances

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3
Q

Maturation (2 points)

A

Timing and tempo (rate)

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4
Q

What does development refer to? (5 points)

A

Skill acquisition

  • movement/posture
  • fine motor
  • speech
  • cognition/learning
  • behavioural
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5
Q

Factors affecting growth and development (7 points)

A

Factors

  • genes
  • hormones
  • nutrition
  • mechanical
  • environmental
  • physical activity
  • illness
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6
Q

Stages of G+D (3)

A

Prenatal
Childhood
Adolescence

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7
Q

What do growth charts look at?

A

Height
Weight
Head circumference

In percentiles

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8
Q

What is peak height velocity (PHV) and when does it occur in boys and girls?

A

PHV: period of most rapid growth
Girls = 10-16 (peak at 12)
Boys = 11-18 (peak at 14)

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9
Q

Name all 5 Salter-Harris growth plate injuries (what happens, outcome)

A
  1. Avulsion/shearing = good
  2. Through metaphysis into epiphyseal plate
    = minimal shortening and rare functional limitation (except knee/ankle)
  3. Through epiphysis into articular surface
    = prone to chronic disability
    = rare deformities
  4. Through epiphysis, physis and metaphysis
    = often chronic disability
    = Joint deformity possible
  5. Compression/crush to plate
    = Poor prognosis (angulation + shortening)
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10
Q

Name 4 phases of muscle development

A
  1. Axonal outgrowth
    - specific connections
    Neural outgrowth before mm fibres appear
  2. Myogenesis
    - Mesoblasts to myoblasts
    - Clusters through embryo = somites
  3. Synaptogenesis
    - ACh receptors
    - Motor end plates
  4. Synapse elimination
    - Extras eliminated
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11
Q

Describe postnatal neural development

A

Increased neuron size and supporting cell number (glia)
Neural processes + synapses develop
Myelination continues
Synapses form rapidly in 12 months

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12
Q

What direction does neuromuscular development occur in?

A

Head to toe
Proximal to distal
Gross to fine

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13
Q

Why do children have enhanced plasticity?

A

Because:

  • Neurogenesis persistence
  • Elimination of neurons (programmed cell death)
  • Postnatal proliferation and pruning of synapses
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14
Q

What is adaptive plasticity? (+example)

A

Changes in synaptic function/organisation of neuronal circuits associated with learning new skills or recovering from injury/sensory loss

Example: patching leads to improved impaired eye vision (within first 12 months of life)

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15
Q

What is cross-modal plasticity?

A

e.g. blind from birth use occipital visual cortex when reading Braille

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16
Q

What is recovery from brain damage influenced by? (6)

A

Lesion

  • size
  • position
  • timing

Type of insult
Surrounding area integrity
Presence and dureation of epilepsy

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17
Q

What are family-centered practice principles?

A
  1. Puts families in central roles for decision making
  2. Considers preferences and priorities
  3. Promote child, parent, family competence
18
Q

What is a family-centered practice approach?

A
  1. Look at child/family strengths, needs and hopes

2. Education, direct services and self-help

19
Q

What is the LEARN principle?

A 
L - Listen
E - Explain (perception)
A - Acknowledge (similarities/differences)
R - Recommend
N - Negotiate
21
Q

Acetabular index (measured by and interpretation)

A

H line as base and line between superior and inferior acetabular rim (ANGLE)

Slope of acetabular roof

  • birth = 27 deg; 8 yrs = 11 deg
  • over 27 deg needs close monitor
22
Q

Migration percentage (calculation and interpretation)

A

MP = A/B x 100

  • – A: width of femoral head lateral to acetabulum
  • – B: width of femoral head overall

Normal = 0 or negative
Normal 4yr old = up to 10%
20% = close monitor
30% = consider Sx

23
Q

Why is hip dislocation a problem? (3)

A

Pain, reduced function and deformity
Silent
May need more Sx

24
Q

How are hips monitored?

A

Physical exam (inc hip abduction ROM + XR)

25
Q

Treatment for hips?

A

Early hip adductor release

BTx (doesn’t prevent)

26
Q

Positioning for hip XR (3)

A
  1. Neutral hip add/abd
  2. Neutral int/xt rot
  3. Pelvis not tilted or rotated
27
Q

Hilgenreiner’s line

A

Through mid-point of tri-radiate cartilage

28
Q

Perkin’s line

A

Vertical line perpendicular to H-line at lateral acetabular margin

29
Q

Shenton’s line

A

Line between medial femoral neck curve and superior obturator foramen (break suggests superior displacement)

30
Q

Femoral neck angle

A

Larger = straighter neck and higher risk

31
Q

Physio role in hips (3)

A

Recognise risk
Early positioning
Monitor (ROM and mm tone)

32
Q

What does SEMLS mean (and what surgeries can it involve)?

A 
Single event multilevel surgery
Sx
- Tendon transfers
- Contracture release
- Bony (e.g. fusion, calcaneal lengthening)
- Epiphseodesis (freeze growth plate)
33
Q

Define a premature infant (age and low birth weight definition)

A

< 37 weeks

LBW <1000g

34
Q

Causes of pre-term birth (baby/maternal)

A

Baby

  • multiple pregnancy
  • abnormalities

Maternal

  • Diabetes
  • Smoking
  • Infection
  • Reproductive tract abnormalities
35
Q

5 Main issues with prematurity

A

Problems

  • Birth asphyxia
  • Thermal stability
  • Lack of survival reflexes
  • Jaundice
  • Congestive heart failure (patent ductus arteriosus)
36
Q

Developmental issues of prematurity

A

Lack of physiological flexion (then impact of gravity)
Medical equipment
Painful stimuli

37
Q

Premature infant assessments (just acronyms) x3

A

NSMDA
AIMS (no training needed)
GMA

38
Q

What 3 factors indicate the development of appropriate postural control?

A

????????

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