Behaviourism

Question 1

Positive reinforcement

Answer 1

Rewarding for desired behaviour

Question 2

Punishment

Answer 2

Giving an unpleasant consequence to stop a behaviour

Question 3

Negative reinforcement

Answer 3

Increasing the desired behaviour by removing something unpleasant

Question 4

Continuous reinforcement

Answer 4

Reinforcing a behaviour every time it is shows

Question 5

Partial reinforcement

Answer 5

Behaviour is only reinforced sometimes

Question 6

Extinction

Answer 6

Previously reinforced behaviour is no longer shown

Question 7

Time continuity

Answer 7

If the reinforcement or punishment is immediate it is more effective

Question 8

Generalisation

Answer 8

Extension of the conditioned response from original stimulus to similar stimuli

Question 9

One trial learning

Answer 9

When conditioning occurs immediately and after only a single instance

Question 10

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 10

A previously extinguished response suddenly reappears

Question 11

Thorndikes Law

Answer 11

Any behaviour that’s reinforced is likely to occur again and any behaviour punished is less likely

Question 12

Strengths

Answer 12

Investigates environments effecting behaviour, very scientific, strong counter argument to nature, useful practical applications - systematic desensitisation, backed by research into humans and animals

Question 13

Environmentally reductionist

Answer 13

Assuming all behaviour can be explained by simple stimulus and response

Question 14

Weaknesses

Answer 14

Lack ecological validity - lab, ethical concerns - little albert

Question 15

Classical conditioning

Answer 15

Pairing a neutral stimulus to a unconditioned response

Question 16

Neutral stimulus

Answer 16

Stimulus that elicits no response e.g. bell

Question 17

Unconditioned stimulus

Answer 17

A stimuli with an automatic response e.g. food

Question 18

Unconditioned response

Answer 18

An automatic response to a stimulus

Question 19

Conditioned stimulus

Answer 19

A stimulus that has been paired with a unconditioned response to become automatic

Question 20

Conditioned response

Answer 20

An unconditioned response that’s now been conditioned and paired with an stimulus

Question 21

Operant conditioning

Answer 21

Learning from consequences

Question 22

Primary reinforcer

Answer 22

A stimulus that is biologically important e.g. sleep, food, sex

Question 23

Secondary reinforcer

Answer 23

Stimuli that becomes reinforcing through pairing with a primary reinforcer e.g. a dog isn’t born wanting to sit but it’s paired with a treat

Question 24

Evaluation point: little Albert

Answer 24

Albert was conditioned to fear white rats by pairing it with a loud noise and through generalisation he was scared of all white fluffy things - approach has evidence to validate its claims and so is falsifiable

Question 25

Evaluation point: scientific

Answer 25

Extremely scientific as it had both objective and falsifiable methods.

Question 26

Evaluation point: methodological issues

Answer 26

Pavlova research was on dogs and not humans so it can be hard to generalise it to humans similar to skinnner with rats

Question 27

Classical conditioning evaluation point: research

Answer 27

Pavlova dogs

Question 28

Classical conditioning evaluation: theoretical flaw

Answer 28

Other learning theories to explain behaviour for example pavlovs dogs were being rewarded by food

Question 29

Operant conditioning evaluation: practical applications

Answer 29

5p price on plastic bags at shops reduced plastic bag usage by 59% tangible effects on society

Question 30

Operant conditioning evaluation: environmentally reductionist

Answer 30

Claims no cognitive processes occur between reinforcement and behaviour and does so robotically to repeat. Social learning theory claims there is cognitive processes between taking a more holistic approach