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AQA A-Level Sociology Burnley College > Beliefs - 5.1b - Social Groups & Religiosity > Flashcards

Beliefs - 5.1b - Social Groups & Religiosity Flashcards

1
Q

Gender - Trends in Religious Belief

A

More women than men believe in God & are more likely to practice religion, whilst having increased interest & commitment to religion

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2
Q

Gender & Religiosity (Key Studies)

A

> Bruce, Heelas & Woodhead (Women & Sects & Holistic Milieu)

> Miller & Hoffman (Risk, Socialisation & Roles)

> Davie (Closer to Life’s Big Questions & Visions of God)

> Brusco (Pentecostal Gender Paradox

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3
Q

Bruce, Heelas & Woodhead (Women & Sects & Holistic Milieu)

A

Twice as many women than men are in sects & 80% of people in the holistic milieu in Kendal are women

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4
Q

Miller & Hoffman - Reasons for Women More Involvement in Religion

A

> Risk
Socialisation
Roles

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5
Q

Miller & Hoffman - Risk

A

> Lack of religious belief means people are at risk of going to hell.

> Men are less-risk averse than women, so are more likely to take the risk & not believe in religion

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6
Q

Davie - Criticisms of Risk

A

> Disappearance of danger & risk associated with childbirths for women in western societies

> So decline of religion as a result of lower birth rates

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7
Q

Miller & Hoffman - Socialisation

A

> Women are socialised to be passive obedient & nurturing, leads to greater involvement in religion, these qualities are valued by most by religion

> Men who’ve got these qualities are also more likely to be religious

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8
Q

Miller & Hoffman - Roles

A

> Gender roles mean less women are in paid work than men, so have more time to participate in religious activities.

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9
Q

Reasons for Women More Involvement in Religion

A 
> Closer to Life’s Big Questions
> Visions of God
> Guardians of Family Life & Tradition
> Status Frustration
> Greater Life Expectancy
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10
Q

Davie - Closer to Life’s Big Questions - Reasons for Women More Involvement in Religion

A

> Women see God as loving, comforting & forgiving, but men see him as power & control

> So women are more likely to turn to God for support & guidance.

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11
Q

Guardians of Family Life & Tradition - Reasons for Women More Involvement in Religion

A

> Women expected to teach family values & culture to children, so therefore more likely to teach religion to children & subsequently participate.

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12
Q

Status Frustration - Reasons for Women More Involvement in Religion

A

> Women more likely to experience status frustration due to lack of personal fulfilment or due to confinement at home.

> So religious participation including New Age Movements & cults give compensations & theodicies for their oppression.

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13
Q

Greater Life Expectancy - Reasons for Women More Involvement in Religion

A

> Women have greater life expectancy than men, so are more likely to be widowed & live own their as they age

> So leads to increased religiosity as it can be source of comfort & building a support network

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14
Q

Reasons for More Women Joining New Age movements (Key Studies)

A

> Bruce (Women’s Experiences)
Brown (Authentic)
Woodhead (Individual Sphere)

> S&B (Women & Compensators for Deprivation)
Aldridge (Goddess Religions)
Ruickbie (Wiccan)

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15
Q

General View for More Women Joining the New Age

A

> Women more associated with nature due to childbirth & healing role, so therefore attracted to the New Age

> As they celebrate nature & give women increased status & self worth

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16
Q

Bruce (Women’s Experiences) - Reasons for More Women Joining New Age

A

> Child care makes women less aggressive & goal orientated & more cooperative & caring

> So fits expressive emphasis of New Age

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17
Q

Brown (Authentic) - Reasons for More Women Joining New Age

A

> New Age appeal to women’s wish for autonomy as they see their roles as restrictive

> New Age are attractive as they emphasise being authentic rather than acting out gender roles

> But some like fundamentalism due to certainties of the gender roles it has

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18
Q

Woodhead (Individual Sphere) - Reasons for More Women Joining New Age

A

> Appeal to individual sphere of Women’s inner self & personal growth in opposition to restrictive social roles

> Giving sense of wholeness

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19
Q

Aldridge (Goddess Reg’s) - Reasons for More Women Joining New Age

A

New Age gives women a central role, giving increased positive images of femininity compared to traditional religions

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20
Q

Ruickbie (Wiccan) - Reasons for More Women Joining New Age

A

Female witches have increased status jobs/own businesses, but male witches usually from deprived backgrounds

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21
Q

Pentecostal Gender Paradox

A

> Pentecostalism has grown among the working class in Latin America , despite being seen as patriarchal e.g. men seen in charge of homes & churches

> It’s attractive to women

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22
Q

Brusco - Pentecostal Gender Paradox

A

> Pentecostalism demands followers to live ascetically with a traditional domestic division of labour & they use these ideas to combat idea of machismo (men not acting responsibly - drinking, gambling etc).

> Men pressured by church, to behave responsibly & support families, not spending income on prostitutes & gambling

> Critiquing sexual irresponsibility & wastefulness, so popular with women.

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23
Q

Reasons for Women’s Decline in Religion

A

> Changing Role of Women
Changing Family Relationships & Sexuality
Fertility Levels

24
Q

Changing Role of Women - Reasons for Women’s Decline in Religion

A

In paid work, so don’t have time to focus on religion, harder to juggle triple shift with religious responsibilities

25
Q

Changing Family Relationships & Sexuality - Reasons for Women’s Decline in Religion

A

> Postmodernity led to LGBT relationships, cohabitation & Lone Parent Families opposed by churches

> Church makes women deny & be silent on sexual desires & activities

26
Q

Fertility Levels - Reasons for Women’s Decline in Religion

A

Increase in feminism mean women having fewer children, so older generations aren’t being replaced in church & New Age

27
Q

Trends in Ethnicity & Religion

A

> Ethic Minorities have increased average rates for religiosity e.g. Muslims, Hindus & Blacks

> Increasingly likely to see religion as important & attend a place of worship compared to whites

28
Q

Trends in Ethnicity & Religion (Key Study)

A

Madood (Decline of Religion in Ethnic Groups)

29
Q

Madood & Decline of Religion in Ethnic Groups

A

> Decrease in importance of religion, fewer were observant, especially among the second generation

> 74% of Muslims saw religion as important in their lives, compared with only 32% of White Catholic

30
Q

Reasons for Ethnic Differences

A 
> Country of Origin
> Cultural Defence 
> Cultural Transition 
> Social Deprivation & Marginality
> Social Identity
31
Q

Country of Origin - Reasons for Ethnic Differences

A

Ethnic minorities come from countries with increased levels of religious practice e.g. Pakistan & maintain this pattern e.g. in UK

32
Q

Reasons for Ethnic Differences (Key Studies)

A

> Bruce & Bird (Cultural Defence)
Brierley (Cultural Defence)

> Herberg (Cultural Transition)
Pryce (Cultural Transition)
Beckford (Cultural Transition)

33
Q

Bruce & Bird (Cultural Defence) - Reasons for Ethnic Differences (Key Studies)

A

> Religion offers support & cultural identity in hostile environments

> Basis for community solidarity & preserving culture, language & coping with oppression in a racist society.

> Blacks unwelcomed by white churches, so founded own black ones or joined pentecostals

34
Q

Brierley (Cultural Defence) - Reasons for Ethnic Differences (Key Study)

A

Big increase of new churches in London catering for specific languages & nationalities due to immigration

35
Q

Herberg (Cultural Transition) - Reasons for Ethnic Differences (Key Study)

A

> Religion used for easing transition into a new culture

> Gives support/sense of community in new environment.

> Gives increased levels of reg participation for first generation immigrants in US

36
Q

General Criticisms of Herberg

A

> But once group made transition into wider society, religion loses role

> But in some generations no decline e.g. Muslims

37
Q

Pryce (Cultural Transition) - Reasons for Ethnic Differences (Key Study)

A

> Pentecostalism very adaptive religion giving migrants values appropriate to new world & in a format they understood

> Helps Afro-Caribbean communities adapt to society and helps members succeed

> Encouraging self-reliance gives mutual support & hope of improving situation.

38
Q

Beckford (Cultural Transition) - Reasons for Ethnic Differences (Key Study)

A

Due to continued need for cultural defence, pentecostalism gives increased sense of independence to blacks

39
Q

Social Deprivation & Marginality - Reasons for Ethnic Differences

A

> Dissatisfaction with lack of status in society is reason for increased religiosity in ethnic minorities as they’re poorest in UK

> Asian women use religion as support as they may be marginalised, due to poor English

> Religion gives source of identity & lacking from mainstream.

40
Q

Social Identity - Reasons for Ethnic Differences

A

> Provides source of identity e.g. dress, food & festivals, helps religious people resist the denial of status & devaluing of culture through racism.

> British born Pakistanis in London identified as Muslim not Asian

> Gave them stability when faced with uncertainty in other aspects of life

41
Q

Trends in Age & Religiosity

A

> Old Age Pensioners more likely to attend religious services

> By 2025 predicted only 2.5% of churchgoers will be 15-19yrs old

42
Q

Reasons for Higher Old Age Pensioner Religiosity

A

> Ageing Effect

> Generational Effect

43
Q

Ageing Effect - Reasons for Higher Old Age Pensioner Religiosity

A

> Ageing Effect

> Generational Effect

44
Q

Ageing Effect - Reasons for Higher OAP Religiosity

A

> As people come closer to death spirituality increases, leading to increased religiosity as people look for answers on afterlife etc & forgiveness of sin

> More OAP women go church than men as they live longer

45
Q

Generational Effect - Reasons for Higher OAP Religiosity

A

> OAP generations are more religious due to upbringing - they are less secure compared to today’s youth due to war & massive social change.

> e.g. Existential Security Theory

46
Q

Reasons for Young Lower Levels of Religiosity (Key Studies)

A

> Beckford (Socialisation)
Brierley (Ritualism & Tradition)
Collins-Mayo (Individualisation)

47
Q

Beckford (Socialisation) - Reasons for Young Lower Levels of Religiosity

A

> Unlikely parents pass on religious beliefs to children, due to increased inter-faith marriages

> Sunday schools now rare so churches unable to recruit for them e.g. Cultural Amnesia

48
Q

Brierley (Ritualism & Tradition) - Reasons for Young Lower Levels of Religiosity

A

Many children thought church was boring & couldn’t relate to rituals & teaching so don’t attend

49
Q

Collins-Mayo (Indvidualisation) - Reasons for Young Lower Levels of Religiosity

A

> Religion is now a personal choice in postmodernity, so young unobligated to join particular church or religion

> Instead to chose to spend free time on leisure

50
Q

Trends on Social Class & Religiosity

A

> Not straightforward middle class are more likely to go church, but less likely to believe in God

> More likely to be atheists & join world-affirming & rejecting NRM’s

> Working class more likely to believe in God, but - likely to go church, certain denominations & sects specifically appeal to working class e.g. Methodism

51
Q

Trends on Social Class & Religiosity (Key Studies)

A

> Marxist (Social Class & Religiosity)
Farthing (Class & Church Attendance)
Lawes (Reg Belief & Social Class)
Bruce & Heelas (Sects, Cults, New Age & Social Class)
Bruce (Class Differences in New Age beliefs)

52
Q

Marxist view on Social Class & Religiosity

A

> Religious participation increased in deprived of society as religion gives means of coping with deprivation & oppression

> Upper class only use religion to justify authority & ideology.

53
Q

Farthing - Class & Church Attendance

A

More middle class activity with upper class more fringe goers & working class less likely to be regular attendees

54
Q

Lawes - Religous Belief & Social Class

A

> Devout theist mostly come from working class backgrounds with less academic qualifications

> But devout atheists come from upper class backgrounds & are more likely to go on to Higher Education

> Contradicts church attendance

55
Q

Bruce & Heelas - Sects, Cults, New Age & Social Class

A

> Sects and Cults mostly from most deprived groups in society, but New Age cults & world-affirming NRM’s have greater appeal to upper class

> Due to consumerist nature of group & New Age Movements they are more  
attractive to middle class who can afford it
56
Q

Bruce (Class Differences in New Age beliefs)

A

> New Age beliefs emphasising personal autonomy & self-development appeal to the middle class

> Working class increasingly attracted to ideas giving passive role e.g. fatalistic ideas e.g horoscopes or lucky charms.

> Link to education e.g. Working class fatalism vs Middle class meritocracy

57
Q

Criticisms of Middle class & Religiosity

A

> Middle class may not be more religious but just going church to keep up appearances or get children into catholic schools with better academic performance

> Or under increased social pressure to show they’re more religious compared to the working class

AQA A-Level Sociology Burnley College (36 decks)

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