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BEO160829 > BEO160829 RSO > Flashcards

BEO160829 RSO Flashcards

1
Q

What factors affect radiations ability to penetrate?

A

* Type of radiation (Alpha / Beta / Gamma)

* Radiation energy

* Density of the absorbing material

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2
Q

_____ _____ or Beta + decay, is a type of radioactive decay a proton inside a radionuclide nucleus is converted into a neutron while releasing a POSITRON and an electron neutrino (νe).

A

Positron Decay

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3
Q

_____ X-rays occur when an electron collides with orbital electrons instead of the nucleus.

A

Characteristic

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4
Q

What federal regulation requires that each licensee shall develop, document, and implement a radiation protection program?

A

10 CFR 20.1101

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5
Q

What are the categories of PROBABILITY?

A

* Frequent

* Likely

* Occaisional

* Seldom

* Unlikely

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6
Q

The _____ _____ is the area of the target bombarded by the electrons and is the logical point to begin distance measurements.

A

Focal Point

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7
Q

The _____ ____ _____ is the primary federal agency that regulates radioactive material.

A

Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)

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8
Q

Why are alpha particles potentially harmful?

A

They are easily shielded because they dump their energy immediately.

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9
Q

What types of data/calculations must be collected/performed during a x-ray survey?

A

* Calculate average exposure per integrated current

* Obtain annual integrated current from operator

* Determine occupancy factor.

* Calculate estimated annual exposure.

* Calculate estimated max exposure in a given hour.

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10
Q

The principal types of interactions for alpha particles are:

A

Ionization and excitation

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11
Q

_____ is a part on an X-Ray tube that expels the electrons from the circuit and focuses them onto the focal spot of the anode.

A

Cathode

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12
Q

The shielding built into the tube head to prevent leakage is known as _____ _____.

A

Inherent Filtration

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13
Q

When should the USAF RIC be notified according to AFI ___-___?

A

AFI 40-201 requires notification for any incident that involves RIC permitted sources

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14
Q

Electron Shells

A

* electron cloud circles the positive nucleus.

* shells labelled K through Q

* Each shell represents a different energy level.

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15
Q

_____ _____ is gamma radiation that occurs when the gamma interacts with an orbital or free electron with the photon losing only a fraction of its energy.

A

Compton Scattering

* some of the photons energy is transferred to the electron

* remaining energy is carried away by the scattered photon.

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16
Q

What is a duty of BEE during Contamination Control and Contamination Control Station (CCS)?

A

Sampling of the environment to ensure that the plume has not moved and the CCS has not been contaminated.

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17
Q

How do you prepare for a potential haz rad event?

A

* ID sources of rad material

* Establish coordination with local/state orgs

* Background rad measurements

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18
Q

What is the second approach to Radiation Risk Mitigation?

A

Administration of antidotes that reduce the toxicity of the internalized substances

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19
Q

Who ensures the receipt, possession, distribution, use, transfer, and disposal of rad materials according to the provisions of the MML and applicable Fed regs?

A

Radioisotope Committee (RIC)

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20
Q

For Pair Production gamma radiation to occur, the original gamma must have a least _____ MeV energy.

A

1.02

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21
Q

_____ _____ minus _____ _____ is the number of neutrons.

A

Mass Number; Atomic Number

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22
Q

_____ _____ is an absorbers ability to remove energy from a beam of charged particles, there by “stopping the beam”.

A

Stopping Power

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23
Q

What is used to cover parts of the human body that are not intended to be exposed to x-rays?

A

Patient Filtration - lead blankets

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24
Q

What are three types of X-Ray filtration?

A
  1. Added Filtration
  2. Inherent Filtration
  3. Patient Filtration
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25
Q

_____ setting controls the number of electrons fired from the filament.

* increasing this setting leads to more electrons produced.

* increasing this setting results in more x-rays and more exposure.

A

MilliAmps (mA)

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26
Q

What are 3 natural sources contributing to background radiation.

A
  1. Atmospheric
  2. Terrestial
  3. Internal Radiation
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27
Q

_____ _____ is an isomeric transition which occurs when the daughter and parent has the same atomic number and the same atomic mass number. It involves gamma ray emission and internal conversion.

A

Gamma Emission

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28
Q

_____ _____ is ionization of the DNA molecule.

A

Direct Effect

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29
Q

Einstein’s Equation

A

E = mc^2

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30
Q

_____ _____ is the weighted average of the isotopic masses of an element based on the abundance of its naturally occurring isotopes.

It is determined by summing the products of the isotope mass and its % abundance.

A

Atomic Weight

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31
Q

_____ _____ higher settings produce more penetrating x-rays, depending on the setting can reduce patient exposure, and can increase scatter radiation.

A

Kilovolt Peak (kVp)

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32
Q

What does pre-event planning and/or preparation involve?

A

* Background rad data and surveys.

* Identify base critical missions

* Assess threats on the base

* Assess regional threats

* Indentify other Rad monitoring capabilities

* Coordinate with local/regional facilities

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33
Q

What are the 5 types of neutron classification and their energy?

A
  1. Thermal –> 0.025 eV
  2. Slow –> 100 eV
  3. Intermediate –> 100eV to 10 KeV
  4. Fast –> 10 KeV to 20 MeV
  5. Relativisitic –> >20 MeV
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34
Q

_____ is a more fundamental measure of radioactive decay where: 1 Bq = 1 dps and 1Ci = 3.7 x 10^10 Bq

A

Becquerel (Bq)

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35
Q

What is the ATOMIC NUCLEUS?

A

* Quantum system composed of protons and neutrons

* Center surrounded by an electron cloud

* Proton - +1

* Neutron - neutral

* Electron - -1

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36
Q

_____ are emitted from an electron cloud.

A

X-RAYS

via Bremsstrahlung

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37
Q

What are the two main mechanisms used to produce X-rays?

A
  1. Bremsstrahlung
  2. Characteristic X-Rays
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38
Q

Name the two categories of radiation exposure.

A
  1. Practices
  2. Interventions
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39
Q

Consequence Management includes …….

A

* Planning

* Training

* Procurement of personnel

* Procurement of equipment

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40
Q

What is an Atomic Mass Unit (AMU)?

A

* Unit of mass used to express atomic and molecular weights,

* Equal to one-twelfth of the mass of an atom of carbon-12.

* It is equal to approximately 1.66 x 10-27 kg.

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41
Q

Risk Management

A

Severity vs Probability

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42
Q

The ______ ______ is the number of protons and neutrons.

A

Mass Number

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43
Q

What do source inventories list about the emitter/source?

A

* type

* model

* serial number

* location

* maximum rated mA and kVp

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44
Q

_____ _____ is the amount of energy that must be supplied to a nucleus to completely separate its nuclear particles (nucleons).

A

Binding Energy

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45
Q

What is a secondary hazard of rad events?

A

Internal contamination from re-suspension.

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46
Q

Interventions encompass two broad types of activity.

A
  1. Operations that seek to reduce existing exposures not part of a controlled practice.
  2. Activities conducted to mitigate threats greater than that posed by radiation.
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47
Q

The effective part of the cathode is …..

A

a negatively charged tungsten filament that emits electrons when heated sufficiently.

* most tubes have 2 different sized filaments

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48
Q

_____ reactions are high energy reactions in which two lighter atomic nuclei fuse to form a heavier nucleus.

A

Fusion

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49
Q

What is radiation detection equipment required to do?

A

* Detect and verify occurrence of an event

* Identify isotope involved

* Provide dosimetry for responders

* Screen victims for internal/external contamination

* Identify equipment contamination

* Identify environmental contamination

* Aid in decon

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50
Q

What support activities does BEE provide during rad events?

A

* Determine health affects of radiation

* Protective / preventative actions to allow ops to continue

* Emergency Management

* Risk Management

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51
Q

_____ is either a nuclear reaction or a radioactive decay process in which the nucleus of an atom splits into smaller parts (lighter nuclei).

The fission process often produces free neutrons and gamma photons, and releases a very large amount of energy even by the energetic standards of radioactive decay.

A

Fission

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52
Q

What is used as a filter to harden the beam by absorbing most of the low-energy photons?

A

Added Filtration such as aluminum or copper

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53
Q

_____ ______ Relationship is an interaction that is the least penetrating which travels several cm in air; um in tissues

A

Range-Energy

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54
Q

The ______ X-Ray measures an items ability to scatter protons - ie. airport scanner

A

Backscatter

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55
Q

With _____ _____ _____, the first approach is dose reduction - time, distance, and shielding.

A

Radiation Risk Mitigation

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56
Q

A _____ scanner takes a two dimensional picture.

A

CT

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57
Q

Name 3 X-ray machine parameters.

A
  1. Kilovolt Peak (kVp)
  2. MilliAmps (mA)
  3. Exposure Time
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58
Q

_____ is the probability per unit time that an atom of a nuclide will decay - the rate of decay is proportional to the stability of the nucleus.

A

Decay Constant

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59
Q

_____ is X-ray radiation that is almost exclusively associated with beta and high energy electron radiation.

A

Bremsstraulung

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60
Q

How are X-rays generated?

A

Electrons are accelerated through an electrical voltage potential and are then stopped at a target (anode).

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61
Q

Radiation Risk Assessment

A

* ID toxicant

* Toxicity

* Routes of exposure

* Intake/Uptake by route of exposure

* Dose Rate

* Toxico-kinetics by route of exposure

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62
Q

Which federal agency sets protective limits on rad emissions and develops guidance for clean up of rad contaminated superfund sites?

A

US EPA (40 CFR)

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63
Q

What is the primary hazard for first responders of radiological events?

A

For isotopes emitting penetrating radiation (high energy gamma or neutron), EXTERNAL RADIATION is the primary hazard.

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64
Q

Risk Management

A

* Assess risks

* ID risk mitigation alternatives

* Decision and monitoring of the effectiveness of mitigation and impact on operations

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65
Q

The main concern for BE with the tube head is?

A

Radiation leakage which may cause unnecessary exposures.

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66
Q

What are 4 common sources of X-rays on military installations?

A
  1. Medical / Dental X-rays
  2. Non-destructive Inspection (NDI)
  3. PAX Terminals
  4. Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD)
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67
Q

Which AF agency oversees the radioactive materials and its inventory and enforces the USAF Master Materials License?

A

Air Force Medical Support Agency Bioenvironmental Engineering (AFMSA/S3PB)

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68
Q

The _____ _____ is the number of protons.

A

Atomic Number

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69
Q

What does Contamination Control and Contamination Control Station require?

A

* Minimize spread of contamination

* Single point of entry AND exit

* Monitoring station for contamination control

* Expedient monitoring of personnel exposed to hazard

* Processing point for responders

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70
Q

_____ are specific actions performed in environments to mitigate sources of exposure, to save life or limb, to protect high value assets, or to achieve higher objectives that merit personnel incurring risks greater than those permitted for practices.

A

INTERVENTIONS

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71
Q

_____ has a positive charge which attracts the electrons from the cathode.

A

Anode

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72
Q

Increasing _____ _____ results in increased number of x-rays but does not change the average or maximum x-ray energy.

A

Exposure Time

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73
Q

The size of the focal point is a result of these three items:

A
  1. Object covered by the X-ray field
  2. Image quality
  3. Heat production
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74
Q

An area outside of a restricted area but inside site boundary.

A

Controlled Area

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75
Q

_____ _____ _____ are materials capable of undergoing sustained fissioning and can be used as reactor fuel or as weapon components. Plutonium, Uranium

A

Special Nuclear Material

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76
Q

* Is directly related to a radioisotope’s half-life

* Shorter half life = more transformations per second

* More transformations per second = more radation

A

Specific Activity (SA)

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77
Q

The _____ is found below the protective housing and provides an adjustable opening which restricts the X-ray beam to the smallest area consistent with clinical requirements.

A

Collimeter

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78
Q

_____ _____ are used for RAM contained in items or devices that present minimal radiation risk and can be controlled via standardized conditions.

A

Template Permits

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79
Q

What is the subatomic nucleus?

A

Consists of neutrinos and muons.

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80
Q

_____ ______ ______ _______ _______ is a set of management and admin actions taken to reduce personnel radiation dosage to as low a level as possible consistent with ops requirements.

A

As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA)

10 CFR 20.11.1

AFI 48-148

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81
Q

Where are rad air sampling sites located?

A

1 is placed immediately downwind of accident site.

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82
Q

_____ are atoms with the same number of PROTONS, but different number of neutrons

A

Isotopes

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83
Q

True or False: No one can accept rad materials into the USAF inventory without permission from the RIC.

A

TRUE

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84
Q

What are the objectives of the AF Radiation Protection Program?

A

* Prevent occurrence of clinically significant radiation induced deterministic effects.

* Limit the risk of stochastic effects

* Training of workers on the risks of radiation, methods to reduce exposure, and ALARA principles.

* Health Risk Assessments

* Implementation of Controls

* Documentation of radiation exposure

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85
Q

_____ _____ is an unexpected event involving a nuclear weapon, facility, or component resulting in an increase in the possibility of explosion of rad contamination, but not constituting a nuclear weapon incident.

A

Bent Spear

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86
Q

Where are air samples located?

A

1 is placed immediately downwind of accident site.

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87
Q

_____ _____ is the specific number of ion pairs per cm of travel in a given material.

A

Specific Ionization

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88
Q

_____ are emitted from the nucleus.

A

Gamma

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89
Q

_____ _____ are actions and preparations taken before and during an accident or other emergency event to identify, organize, equip, and deploy ER forces to reduce the effects of such events on the public environment.

A

Consequence Management

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90
Q

A radionuclide that undergoes isomeric transition several minutes after a charged particle emission is said to be in a _____ _____.

A

MetaStable State

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91
Q

Name 4 types of X-ray machines.

A
  1. CT Scanner
  2. Bone (Medical) X-ray machine
  3. Linear Accelerator
  4. Backscatter X-ray
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92
Q

_____ is any process that adds enough energy to an electron of atoms or molecules causing it to occupy a higher energy state.

A

Excitation

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93
Q

Modeling and Measurement Data

A

Within 48hrs post event, response team should be capable of inegrating and interpreting data from all sources available.

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94
Q

What support activities does BEE provide during rad events?

A

*

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95
Q

What are the four types of radiation exposure?

A
  1. Occupational
  2. Medical
  3. Public
  4. Incident / Contingency
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96
Q

What are three ways that gamma rays release energy?

A
  1. Photoelectric Effect
  2. Compton Effect
  3. Pair Production
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97
Q

What are the Contamination Control Station (CCS) processing steps (and order)?

A
  1. Equipment drop
  2. PPE removal
  3. Monitoring personnel
  4. Wash station
  5. Medical station
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98
Q

_____ are atoms with the same mass and atomic numbers, but different meta-stable states.

A

Isomers

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99
Q

What is energy?

A

The ability to do work.

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100
Q

What is the joule (j)?

A

* SI unit of work and energy

* 1 joule of work is done when a force of 1 Newton (N) is exerted through a distance of 1 meter (m) J = N x m

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101
Q

_____ _____ is radioactive decay in which an electron is emitted.

A

Beta Decay

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102
Q

When diagramming / sketching an x-ray room design during a survey, ensure to include:

A

* X-ray location

* X-ray orientation

* Patient position

* Operator position

* Describe x-ray room

* Describe surrounding rooms

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103
Q

_____ _____ are materials which can be used to generate special nuclear material. They consist of uranium or thorium but do not meet the requirements for special nuclear materials.

A

Source Material

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104
Q

When should background radiation data and surveys be conducted?

A

* Operational check of BE response equipment considered best practice

* Background rad measurements should be conducted quarterly within each airbase sector that CEX has established.

* AFMAN 10-2602, 4.9

* NBCC Defense Operations and Standards

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105
Q

_____ can break the chemical bonds that hold the DNA strand together.

A

Ionization

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106
Q

What is the chart of the nuclides?

A

* It lists the stable and unstable nuclides in addtion to pertinent info about each one.

* Stable atoms tend be grouped along the line of stability.

* Radioactive atoms lie on either side of the line of stability.

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107
Q

What training / information is needed for pre-event planning and/or preparation?

A

* Intitial/baseline training

* Event verification training

* Scenario specific training/drills

* Emergency response training

* Risk Management training

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108
Q

With _____ _____ _____, the first approach is dose reduction - time, distance, and shielding.

A

Radiation Risk Mitigation

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109
Q

Name 6 characteristics of X-Rays.

A
  1. High energy waves
  2. Short wavelengths
  3. Travel at speed of light (c = 300,000,000 m/s)
  4. Travel in a straight line
  5. Incoherent
  6. Absorbed by material based on density
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110
Q

What is the established guidance for acute radiation risk?

A

Military = 75 cGy Fed = 25 cGy

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111
Q

Which agency sets exposure standards to protect the health of the public and workers exposed to radiation?

A

US Occupational Safety and Health (29 CFR)

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112
Q

The protective housing is known as the _____ _____, is comprised of the x-ray tube, oil bath, cooling fan, and filtration with the main purpose being SHIELDING.

A

Tube Head

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113
Q

_____ are atoms with the same number NEUTRONS, but different number of protons.

A

Isotones

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114
Q

What are four naturally occurring decay chains?

A
  1. Actinium
  2. Uranium
  3. Neptunium
  4. Thorium
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115
Q

_____ _____ radiation consists of charged particles such as energetic electrons, positrons, protons, alpha particles, heavy ions, etc…

A

Directly Ionizing

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116
Q

Name some radioactive items covered under the template permits

A

* Chemical agent alarms, detectors, monitors

* X-Ray fluorescence devices

* Targeting devices

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117
Q

What is the ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM?

A

* Radio wave

* Microwave

* Terahertz Radiation

* Infrared

* Light

* Ultraviolet

* X-Rays

* Gamma Rays

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118
Q

_____ _____ occurs when a positron and an electron interact (collide), their masses are eliminated and converted to electromagnetic energy (gamma radiation).

* Positron + Electron = Gamma

A

Annihilation Radiation

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119
Q

_____ _____ is the amount of time required for the activity to decrease to one half of its original value.

A

Half - Life

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120
Q

_____ _____ is the difference between the mass of the atom and the sum of the masses of its parts - due to the conversion of mass to binding energy when the nucleus is formed.

A

Mass Defect

1 amu = 1.661 x 10^-27 kg

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121
Q

Permit conditions include:

A

* Leak testing * Binders * Installation of a RSO

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122
Q

The anode serves as an ……

A

* electrical conductor

* thermal conductor

* target support

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123
Q

_____ _____ is GAMMA radiation that occurs when a high energy gamma passes close enough to a heavy nucleus, the gamma disappears, and an _electron *AND* a positron are formed_.

A

Pair Production

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124
Q

What 4 items make up the Ionizing Radiation Survey Program?

A

* Source inventory

* Radiation Safety Review

* Quality Assurance

* Radiation Measurements

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125
Q

_____ are discrete particles with zero mass, no electric charge, and are assoicated with electromagnetic light.

A

PHOTONS

* 0 Mass

* 0 Charge

* Move at speed of light (3 x 10^8 m/s)

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126
Q

What is the minimum equipment required for one lace CCS?

A

* One alpha RADIAC * One low range beta-gamm RADIAC * PPE * Table / chairs * Trash cans, trash bags, water cans, etc…

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127
Q

What is Avogadro’s Number?

A

* Gram atomic weight of any element (anything) contains A’s number.

* 6.022 x 10^23

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128
Q

What materials within the unit that the x-rays pass through provide filtration?

A

Inherent Filtration

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129
Q

_____ _____ results in the ionization of the atom and expulsion of a high energy electron.

A

Photoelectric Effect

* predominant with low energy gammas interacting with materials with high atomic weight.

* rarely occurs with gammas having energy > 1 MeV

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130
Q

_____ is an atom with a specific combination of neutrons and protons.

A

Nuclide

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131
Q

What level of detection from a leak test will require corrective action?

A

0.005 microcuries per AFI 40-201

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132
Q

What is the third approach to Radiation Risk Mitigation?

A

Treatment

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133
Q

What are 4 man made sources of background radiation?

A
  1. Consumer products
  2. Neutron Sources
  3. Sealed Sources
  4. Unsealed Sources
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134
Q

_____ is a process which results in the removal of a bound electron from an electrically neutral atom or molecule by adding enough energy to the electron to overcome its binding energy.

A

Ionization

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135
Q

What are the Radiation Incident Planning Areas (RIPA)?

A

* Region I - In the radiation hazard

* Region II - Not in the hazard but close enough to support

* Region III - Close enough to serve as a staging area and receive evauees

* Region IV - all others

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136
Q

What are the critical mission criteria?

A

Must meet one of the following:

* Protect base from imminent attack

* Provide support to forces in combat

* Provide support to aircraft in flight

* Protect strategic interests of US

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137
Q

_____ _____ radiation consists of uncharged particles with the most common types being photons above 10 keV (xrays / gamma rays) and all neutrons.

A

Indirectly Ionizing

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138
Q

What are the primary rad risks for isotopes emitting non-penetrating radiation (alpha and beta)?

A

* Internal contamination via ingestion, inhalation

* Skin exposure via cuts

139
Q

Name some non-template permit examples.

A

* Troxler gauge

* Medical

* Broad scope

* Academic

* Research and Development

140
Q

What must be accomplished within the first 24 to 48 hours of a rad event?

A

* Radiation dose projections

* Assess risk of exposure by time and location

* ID victims Provide rad survey equipment

* Arrange for periodic blood tests

141
Q

A _____ is a general term referring to all energetically unstable atoms.

A

Radionuclides

142
Q

The _____ _____ shoots an intense beam of radiation in which the protons are extremely strong in order to kill cancer without whole body effects.

A

Linear Accelerator

143
Q

Name the types of radiation and the materials that inhibit them from passing completing through.

A

* Alpha - paper

* Beta - wood

* Gamma - concrete

144
Q

What dose equivalent limits are placed on areas defined as a RADIATION AREA?

A

> 5 mrem in 1 hour at 30cm from source

145
Q

What devices produce background radiation?

A

* Radiography

* Fluoroscopy

* Dental

* Security

* Research devices

146
Q

_____ _____ is when an electron in an atom’s inner shell is drawn into the nucleus where it combines** **with a proton, forming a neutron and a neutrino. The neutrino is ejected from the atom’s nucleus.

A

Electron Capture

147
Q

What three main areas does the NRC oversee?

A
  1. Reactors
  2. Materials
  3. Waste
148
Q

_____ _____ are permits for RAM that do not fall under the standard permit conditions due to the unique nature or relative risk of the material being used.

A

Non-template Permits

149
Q

A _____ X-ray machine takes a one dimensional picture

A

Bone (Medical)

150
Q

Bremsstrahlung

A

* Increasing the speed of the electrons across a target results in higher average energy.

* Electrons may interact with several targets prior to losing all of their kinetic energy.

* Produced most effectively when small charged particles interact with large atoms such as the tungsten anode.

151
Q

_____ _____ is gamma radiation that occurs when low energy gamma strikes an atom and the total energy of the gamma is expended in EJECTING an electron from orbit.

A

Photoelectric Effect

152
Q

What are the responsibilities of the Radiation Safety Officer (RSO)?

A

* Approves procurement, acceptance, transfer, and use of all RAM on AF installations

* Establishes, implements, and manages the overall installation RAD protection program

* Annual review of the installation rad protection program

* Annual brief to ESOHC on RAM

* Provides summaries and trends of dosimetry results and surveys to ensure ALARA

* Coordinates activities with affected personnel * Reviews all work orders involving RAM

* Review of RAM inventories and ensures they are accounted for in RAMMIS

* Approves (or disapproves) the use of RAM for military readiness training, etc…

* Audits installation permits

* Establishes and manages base rad safety program

* Conducts public dose assessments

* Conducts radon exposure monitoring

* Manages personnel dosimetry and bioassay program

* Oversees routine rad decon and site remediation activities.

153
Q

_____ _____ is the actual mass of an atom of a particular isotope expressed in Atomic Mass Units (AMU).

A

Atomic Mass

154
Q

Name 2 portable instruments used during X-ray surveys.

A
  1. Ion Chamber - 451
  2. Geiger-Mueller - AMD 300
155
Q

Name the 4 levels of Severity.

A

* Catastrophic

* Critical

* Moderate

* Negligible

156
Q

The main mechanism for damage to a cell is______.

A

Ionization - ionizing radiation transfers kinetic energy directly to electrons. - if the energy transferred to the electron exceeds the binding energy that holds the electron in place, the molecular bond can be broken, altering the function of the molecule.

157
Q

_____ _____ _____ is the average energy locally deposited in an absorber per unit path length (keV/cm)

A

Linear Energy Transfer (LET)

158
Q

1 Curie (Ci) = ______

A

3.7 x 10^10 disintigrations per second (dps)

159
Q

The _____ _____ _____surrounds the cathode and anode, is made of leaded glass to filter out lower energy photons, and is kept under partial vacuum to minimize interactions with air and gas molecules.

A

Sealed Glass Envelope

160
Q

_____ is electromagnetic radiation produced by the acceleration or especially the deceleration of a charged particle after passing through the electric and magnetic fields of a nucleus.

* Braking Radiation

* Results in the “creation” of x-rays

A

Bremsstraulung

161
Q

AFI ____-____ states that every organization or installation that uses non-exempt quantities of RAM, radiation sources, or has the potential for exposures to residual RAM associated with AF operations shall implement a radiation safety program

A

48 - 148

162
Q

_____ _____ is a radioactive process in which a particle with two neutrons and two protons is ejected from the nucleus of a radioactive atom.

The particle is identical to the nucleus of a helium atom.

A

Alpha Decay

163
Q

Name 2 measurement methods used for X-ray surveys.

A
  1. Dosimeters (TLD)
  2. Portable instruments
164
Q

_____ _____ is an unexpected event involving nuclear weapons or rad nuclear weapon components that result in:

* Accidental/unauthorized launch, firing, or use which might create risk.

* Non-nuclear detonation

* Nuclear detonation

* Radioactive contamination

* Seizure,theft, loss, or destruction of a nuclear weapon

* Public hazard

A

Broken Arrow

165
Q

What did the Energy Reorganization Act of 1974 establish?

A

* Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)

* Department of Energy

166
Q

_____ is the rate of radioactive decay (radioactivity).

It is a measure of how many atoms are disintegrating in a given period of time.

A

Curie (Ci)

167
Q

_____ are atoms with the same atomic mass number, but different atomic numbers.

A

Isobars

168
Q

_____ is the minimum thickness required to just STOP the particle.

A

Range

169
Q

_____ is energy of radiation wave and has the ability to penetrate an object.

A

X-Ray

170
Q

_____ are high speed particles that have an exceptional ability to penetrate other materials.

A

Neutrons

171
Q

When is energy (W) expended?

A

When a force (f) is exerted through some distance (r). W = f x r

172
Q

_____ are uncharged, elementary particles with masses slightly greater than that of the protons and are found in the nucleus of every atom heavier than hydrogen.

A

Neutrons

173
Q

What is the third approach to Radiation Risk Mitigation?

A

Treatment

174
Q

The proportion of scattering depends on these three things:

A
  1. photon energy
  2. type of material
  3. thickness of material
175
Q

_____ _____ designates the installation BE or other individual, as the Installation RSO

A

Installation Commander

176
Q

____ _____ applies for and is usually the RM permittee. It is their responsibility to contact the base RSO prior to receiving, possessing, using, distributing, storing, transporting, transferring or disposing of any commodity with RM.

A

Organizational Commander

177
Q

The _____ is usually the commander of the organization that the source/material is being issued to.

* Responsible for ensuring regulatory and permit compliance.

* Responsible for having an ALARA training program in place.

A

Permittee

178
Q

The _____ _____ is an individual approved by the USAF RIC to manage the radiation protection aspects associated with the use of RAM for which a SPECIFIC permit has been issued.

* Can be the base RSO, but not common.

* Oversees day to day activities of the orgs permit.

A

Permit RSO

179
Q

What are some of the responsibilities of the Permit RSO?

A
  1. Inform commander and supervisor when procedures are not in compliance.
  2. Informs installation RSO of any changes
  3. Immediately notifies RIC if permitted RAM is lost/stolen.
180
Q

_____ are individuals who use or supervise the use of RAM.

* They must obey the permit and directives listed in AFI 40-201, local ops instructions, and ALARA.

A

USERS

181
Q

_____ is a naturally occurring radioactive metal in all rocks and soils.

A

Uranium

182
Q

What are the three uranium isotopes?

A
  1. 234
  2. 235 - fissile material
  3. 238
183
Q

What are four theoretical effects of depleted uranium exposure?

A
  1. Radiation
  2. Heavy metal toxicity
184
Q

The _____ _____ dosimeter is the general purpose dosimter used to measure radiation exposure to the whole body.

A

Whole Body

185
Q

The whole body dosimeter is sensitive to:

A
  1. Beta
  2. Gamma
  3. X-Ray
  4. Neutron
186
Q

True or False: The whole body dosimeter must be worn by all personnel enrolled in the Dosimetry program, should be clipped on outer clothing on the front part of the body and below the neck/above the waist, and in conjunction with other types of dosimeters.

A

TRUE

187
Q

When worn _____ a collar dosimeter, always wear underneath any lead apron.

A

WITH

188
Q

When worn _____ _____ a collar dosimeter and a lead apron is worn, worn on the individuals collar outside any protective equipment.

A

WITHOUT

189
Q

The UD-802 _____ ______ is the primary device used to evaluate head and eye (lens) exposures.

A

Collar Dosimeter

190
Q

TRUE or FALSE: The collar dosimeter is ALWAYS worn outside any shielded protective covering.

A

TRUE

191
Q

Where should the collar dosimeter be worn?

A

On the collar, as close to the thyroid as possible.

192
Q

The _____ _____ is the primary device for determining the neutron dose equivalents to the whole body

and

should never be worn without a whole body dosimeter.

A

Neutron Dosimeter

193
Q

The AF _____ _____ is a ring dosimeter that is the primary device to evaluate exposures to the hand and forearm

and

should be worn on the finger that will receive the highest dose of radiation

and

oriented so that the circular indention is facing the rad source.

A

Extremity Dosimeter

194
Q

If leaded gloves are worn as PPE, the ring dosimeter will be worn ……

A

under the shielded gloves

and

with a whole body dosimeter

195
Q

The _____ _____ Dosimeter is used to detect and measure beta and gamma radiation.

A

Electronic Personal Dosimeter (EPD)

196
Q

TRUE or FALSE:

The Electronic Personnel Dosimeter (EPD) has various dose and dose rate alarms that can be set to alert the wearer of a potential rad hazard.

A

TRUE

197
Q

The Electronic Personal Dosimeter (EPD) N2 detects _____ and _____ radiation.

A
  1. Neutron
  2. Photon
198
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Simultaneous wear of a TLD with an EPD use is not a requirement.

A

TRUE

199
Q

The _____ _____ _____ _____ provides a centralized, permanent, record of exposure for all personnel currently and previously registered in the Dosimetry Program.

A

Master Radiation Exposure Registry (MRER)

200
Q

The information/data entered into the Master Radiation Exposure Registry (MRER) is used to generate _____ _____ reports.

A

Dose Equivalent Reports

201
Q

The _____ _____ _____ serves as a shipping list of dosimeters provided to a based for a specified monitoring period.

A

RDL Listing 1523

202
Q

The _____ _____ _____ is the report listing the internal and external dose equivalents for each worker enrolled in the Dosimetry Program.

A

RDL Listing 1499

203
Q

The _____ _____ _____ is a report that includes exposure data from the beginning of the calendar year to the prepared report date.

It is a summary report provided to the RSO for review.

A

RDL Listing 1499-2

204
Q

The AF Form _____ is a summary of internal and external does recieved during the year generated annually by USAFSAM/OEA which the RSO reviews with each worker enrolled in the Dosimetry Program.

A

AF Form 1527-1

Annual Occupational Exposure History to Ionizing Radiation (IR)

205
Q

TRUE or FALSE:

The AF Form 1527-2 is a cumulative history of individual ionizing radiation exposure that is generated upon written request from:

* Enrolled individual

* Installation RSO

* Other authorized entity

A

TRUE

It includes ALL exposure history

206
Q

The federal worker radiation total effective dose equivalent (TEDE) is _____ rem in a single year.

A

5.0 rem/yr

207
Q

The Non-Federal Worker (OSHA) total effective dose equivalent (TEDE) is _____ rem per quarter.

A

1.25

208
Q

The declared pregnant female radiation total effective dose equivalent (TEDE) is _____ mrem per “remainder of pregnancy”.

A

500 mrem

209
Q

Minors radiation TEDE = _____ mrem/year

A

500

210
Q

Public radiation TEDE = _____ mrem/year

A

100 mrem/year

211
Q

An _____ _____ is an exposure recieved in any monitoring period that is acceptable for the period but which would be an overexposure if continued at the same rate.

A

Abnormal Exposure

212
Q

For occupational exposures, any dosimeter and/or bioassay result which indicates a dose in excess of 25% of the applicable annual dose limit for a quarterly monitoring period or 10% of the applicable dose limits if monitored monthly shall be investigated within _____ days following discovery.

A

10 days

213
Q

Any dosimeter and/or bioassay result exceeding applicable dose limits specifed in 10 CFR 20 and AFI 48-148 are considered to present a _____ _____ and should be investifated immediately.

A

Potential Overexposure

214
Q

Who sets the investigation action levels (IAL) and how should they be determined or set?

A
  1. Installation RSO sets the IALs
  2. Statistical analysis of historical data
215
Q

Where are dose limits specified?

A

10 CFR 20

AFT 48-148

216
Q

The _____ _____ is the amount of exposure per unit time.

A

Dose Rate

217
Q

_____ occurs when radiation is divided into smaller doses with one or more rest periods in between, so fewer cells die.

A

Fractioned

218
Q

The _____ amount determines the effects.

A

Dose

219
Q

_____ ____ is heavy radiation exposure that occurs in a short time period.

It can occur once in a lifetime but exposures can also occur more than once, infrequently, and for short periods of time.

A

Acute Exposure

220
Q

_____ _____ is radiation exposure that occurs over a long period of time.

Can be continuous, or off and on over a long period of time.

A

Chronic Exposure

221
Q

What are the two sources of radiation exposure?

A
  1. External - penetrates body –> GAMMA
  2. Internal - ingest, inhale, absorb –> alpha
222
Q

_____ ______ exposure occurs where a radioisotope is uniformly distributed throughout the body tissues, not concentrated.

A

Whole Body

223
Q

_____ _____ has very little or no radiation dose to a critical organ.

A

Partial Body

224
Q

_____ _____ _____ applied to the external exposure of the skin or an extremity, is taken as the dose equivalent at a tissue depth of 0.007cm, averaged over an area of 1 square cm.

A

Shallow Dose Equivalent (SDE)

225
Q

Which cells are radiosensitive (ie. more susceptible to damage from rad exposure)?

A
  1. Young and growing - bloood
  2. Active cells - bone marrow
  3. Undifferentiated Cells - basal/stem cells
  4. Cells with high O2 count
226
Q

What are two types of direct ionization?

Possible outcomes of direct ionization include:

* Mutation

* Cell death

* repair

A
  1. Excitation
  2. Ionization
227
Q

Excitation occurs when electrons …..

A

move to an outer shell

228
Q

_____ involves the complete removal of an electron from an atom following the transfer of energy from a passing charged particle.

A

IONIZATION

229
Q

_____ ionization occurs when free radicals react with biological molecules and damage it.

A

Indirect Ionization

230
Q

_____ _____ _____ is the measurement of the number of ionizations which radiation causes per unit distance at it traverses the living cell or tissue.

A

Linear Energy Transfer (LET)

231
Q

A _____ linear energy transfer occurs with direct ionization resulting in:

* damaged molecules

* Cell death

* stem cell depletion

* organism death

A

HIGH

232
Q

_____ Linear Energy Transfer (LET) is indirect ionization resulting in:

* Free radicals

* Superoxides / Peroxides

A

LOW

233
Q

_____ effects are associated with long term, low level (chronic) exposure to radiation.

A

Stochastic

234
Q

Radiation can cause changes in DNA which are called ______.

A

Mutations

235
Q

______ effects have a clear relationship between the exposure and the effect. Usually occur with the receipt of a relatively high dose over a short period of time.

Cell killing

A

Non-Stochastic Effects

236
Q

What are the classic symptoms of the Prodromal stage of Acute Radiation Syndrome?

A

N-V-D

* Nausea

* Vomiting

* Diarrhea

237
Q

What are the STAGES of Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS)?

A
  • Prodromal
  • Latent - patient seems healthy
  • Manifest - symptoms show
  • Recovery
  • Death
238
Q

The _____ _____ __ _____ is the amount of RAM that can be inhaled/ingested.

A

Annual Limt of Intake

239
Q

_____ _____ is the absorbed dose in tissue multiplied by quality factor.

A

Dose Equivalent

240
Q

_____ _____ is the dose recieved in a restricted area or while working with exposure to sources of radiation.

A

Occupational Dose

241
Q

_____ is an individual who is not in a restricted area and not working with exposure to sources of radiation.

A

Member of the Public

242
Q

The _____ _____ _____ is the dose equivalent to organs during the 50 year period following intake of RAM.

A

Committed Dose Equivalent (CDE)

243
Q

The ____ _____ _____ is the dose equivalent to the lens of the eye at a tissue depth of 0.3 cm

A

Eye Dose Equivalent (LDE)

244
Q

____ ____ ____ is the dose equivalent at a tissue depth of 0.007cm.

A

Shallow Dose Equivalent

245
Q

_____ _____ ______ is the dose equivalent at a tissue depth of 1 cm

* applies to external exposure only

A

Deep Dose Equivalent (DDE)

246
Q

What is the Total Effective Dose Equivalent (TEDE) annual limit for workers?

A

5 rem (0.05 Sv)

247
Q

What is the annual limit for an individual organ or tissue (not lens of eye)?

A

50 rem (0.5 Sv)

248
Q

What is the annual limit for the lens of the eye?

A

15 rem (0.15 Sv)

249
Q

What is the annual limit for the skin?

A

50 rem (0.5 Sv)

250
Q

What is the annual limit to each extremity?

A

50 rem (0.5 Sv)

251
Q

TRUE or FALSE:

Unless a woman freely declares her pregancy in writing, she is to be treated as any other radiation worker.

A

TRUE

252
Q

What is the limit during the entire pregnancy due to occupational exposure of a DECLARED pregnant woman.

A

0.5 rem (5 mSv)

253
Q

What is the annual limt for individual members of the public?

A

0.1 rem

254
Q

What are best practices with regards to radiation protection?

A
  1. Minimize exposure time
  2. Maximize distance
  3. Sheilding
255
Q

DOSE = _____ X _____

A

Exposure X Time

256
Q

_____ the distance from the source REDUCES the exposure by a factor of FOUR.

A

Doubling

257
Q

_____ particles are heavy and doubly charged, which causes them to lose their energy quickly.

A

ALPHA

258
Q

_____ particles have a greater range than alpha and shielding should be chosen based on low or high energy.

A

BETA

259
Q

High Radiation Area = ______

A

0.1 rem / hour (30cm from source)

260
Q

_____ _____ is the amount of time personnel can safely be in a radiaton area.

A

Stay Time

261
Q

_____ _____ is often referred to as radiation INTENSITY, and is expressed in units of Roentgen/Hour.

A

Exposure Rate

262
Q

What must medical and industrial X-Ray generators be surveyed for?

A
  • Leakage
  • Scatter radiation hazards
  • Hazard distances
  • Period inspections for proper operation
263
Q

The dose in any unrestricted area resulting from USAF controlled radiation sources will not exceed:

A

2 mrem / hour

100 mrem / year

264
Q

Who must be permitted for the source in order to accept RAM packages?

A

Ship to (receiver)

265
Q

_____ _____ is a substance capable of posing unreasonable risk to health and safety.

A

Hazardous Material

266
Q

_____ ______ is a waste that is dangerous or potentially harmful to our health or environment.

A

Hazardous Waste

267
Q

Radioactive Material is Hazard Class _____.

A

7

268
Q

UN _____ is RAM, exempted package limited quantity of material in an instrument/articles.

A

2911

269
Q

UN _____ is RAM, exempted package, limited quantity of material.

A

2910

270
Q

_____ _____ are limited quantities, instruments or articles, empty boxes, with such a LOW risk that they are exempted from:

* labeling

* Marking (except UN ID)

* Shipping papers ( if not haz)

* Package cert

A

Excepted Package

271
Q

Type _____ meet quantity requirements and will withstand NORMAL conditions.

A

A

272
Q

Type _____ are greater than A quantities and able to withstand HARSH conditions.

A

Type B

273
Q

RAD shipping labels are not used on ______ packages.

A

Excepted

274
Q

_____ _____ is a dimensionless number that is the max dose rate at 1 meter from the package source.

A

Transportation Index

275
Q

Radioactive White I has almost no radiation with a limit of _____.

A

0.5 mR/hr

276
Q

Radioactive Yellow II labeling is for packages with low radiation levels with:

A

50 mR/hr at surface

1 mr/Hr max at 1 meter

277
Q

Radioactive Yellow III labels are for higher rad levels with:

A

200 mR/hr max on surface

10 mR/hr at 1 meter

Fissile Class III

278
Q

_____ _____is the energy released from a nuclear weapon.

A

Nuclear Detonation (NUDET)

279
Q

_____ is the measure of the amount of explosive energy it can produce.

A

Yield

280
Q

What are the four effects of nuclear explosions?

A
  1. Blast
  2. Thermal
  3. Direct radiation
  4. Residual radiation (Fallout) –> long term damage
281
Q

What is the biggest concern of the initial radiation?

A

Residual radiation

282
Q

What are the five principle rad elements?

A
  1. Strontium 90
  2. Iodine 131 - thyroid
  3. Tritium - lung
  4. Cesium 137 - potassium
  5. Plutonium 239 - bone / lung
283
Q

What determines the pattern of the fallout?

A
  1. Wind speed
  2. Wind direction
  3. Terrain
284
Q

What is the primary purpose of a radiological dispersal device (RDD)?

A

Invoke panic and disruption by spreading RAM to cause:

* Destruction

* Damage

* Injury

285
Q

_____ _____ are considered to be the most important effect related to rad dispersal devices.

A

Psychological Effects

286
Q

What is the primary objective of Radiological Exposure Devices (RED)?

A

Use of a powerful RAM device with gamma or high beta source to contaminate area.

287
Q

What are potential RAD material for RDDs?

A
  • Cobalt 60
  • Cesium 137
  • Iridium 192
  • Radium 226
288
Q

According to the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, special nuclear material (SNM) are:

A
  • Plutonium
  • Uranium 233
  • Enriched Uranium
289
Q

_____ _____ hazards are associated with low level radiation emitted from weapons and should be monitored using whole body and neutron dosimeters.

A

Intrinsic Radiation

290
Q
A
291
Q

The _____ _____ is a pressurized ionization chamber designed to quantitatively measure both gamma and X-ray radiation.

A

Victoreen 451

292
Q

The _____ _____ is used in emergency responses and routine operations to:

  • Establish baseline radiation levels
  • Characterize med and dental X-Ray ops
  • Characterize NDI
  • Monitor food & water
  • Characterize rad waste shipments
A

Victoreen 451

293
Q

The _____ _____ has slow response times, should be calibrated annually, user self checked before each use, and uses a Cesium 137 test source.

A

Victoreen 451

294
Q

The _____ _____ has three modes:

  • Rate - used for constant radiation fields
  • Freeze - obtain does rate from X-Ray matchines
  • Integrate - used for pulsed or short duration exposure fields.
A

Victoreen 451

295
Q

The _____ _____ is capable of locating the source and measure low and high frequency RAM in the form of GAMMA and BETA particles.

A

ADM - 300

296
Q

The _____ _____ is not the best equipment to characterize exposures.

It uses 2 Geiger-Mueller tubes as detectors for BETA and GAMMA radiation.

A

ADM-300

297
Q

The _____ _____ has a X-Ray probe made of sodium iodide and

a Beta probe made of plastic scintillate material.

A

ADM-300

298
Q

A _____ reading is a cumulative reading over a period of time and is used when measuring filter paper with the ADM-300.

A

SCALER

299
Q

The _____ _____ is a portable, hand-held, ionizing rad ID instrument designed to identify multiple GAMMA emitting nuclides.

A

SAM 940

300
Q

The SAM 940 uses a detachable _____ _____ detector to ID ISOTOPES

A

sodium iodide

301
Q

The _____ _____ can be used to ID the source of contamination for treatment actions and locating lost RAD sources.

It is capable of detecting isotopes that emmit GAMMA radiation.

It should NOT be used a the primary rad hazard search tool.

A

SAM 940

302
Q

The _____ _____ detects isotopes that emit GAMMA radiation.

A

SAM 940

303
Q

The _____ _____ has four modes:

  • Dial - detect and measure gamma and neutron
  • Finder - data is count-rate used to localize rad source “you are getting cold/warm/hot”!!!
  • Bar - provides count and dose rates of different isotopes
  • Spectrum - real time statistics
A

SAM 940

304
Q

The _____ is a portable type air sampler designed for high volume collection of airborne particulates.

A

RADeCO

305
Q

Where should the 4 RADeCO samplers be placed?

A
  1. Downwind/Adjacent to RELEASE site
  2. Several hundred feet downwind
  3. Upwind of release site to obtain background data
  4. At the contamination control station (CCS)
306
Q

What is the minimum air sample volume needed?

A

1000 ft ^2

307
Q

What is the RADeCOs optimum flow rate?

A

20 cfm

308
Q

What length of time should the RADeCO collect air samples to meet the recommended air sample volume of 1000 ft^2?

A

50 minutes

309
Q

Beta minus decay occurs primarily in nuclei with _____.

A

An excess of NEUTRONS

310
Q

What relates the activity of a sample to the number of radioactive atoms in the sample?

Probability per unit time that a nuclide will decay.

Proportional to nuclear stability

A

Decay Constant

311
Q

Gamma emission typically occurs when _____.

A

a nucleus is left in an excited state following decay.

Nuclear decay reactions resulting in a transmutation generally leave the resultant nucleus in an excited state.

Nuclei that are excited may decay to an unexcited or ground state, by emission of a gamma ray.

312
Q

When is a conversion electron emitted?

A

When an excited nucleus transfers energy to an inner shell electron.

313
Q

Which mode of decay occurs most often in heavy atoms with atomic numbers greater than 82?

A

Alpha Decay

  • an alpha particle is essentially a helium nucleus, which consists of 2 protons and 2 neutrons, giving it a mass of 4 atomic mass units (amu).
314
Q

The Chart of the Nuclides is best described as:

A

An organizational chart to display data relevant to nuclei.

Since nuclei can be characterized by the number of protons and neutrons, the Chart of the Nuclides is a plot of nuclei, with the x-axis indicating the number of neutrons and the y-axis indicating the number of protons.

315
Q

The dose equivalent is a means to account for:

A

* Radiosensitivity of tissues in the body.

* Assess and control from various types of radiation.

316
Q

The effective dose equivalent is a means to relate:

A

partial body to whole body

317
Q

The curie is a measure of:

A

Radioactivity

It is a measure of how many atoms are disintegrating in a given time period.

318
Q

How many rads = a Gray?

A

100 rad = 1 Gy

319
Q

The process of recording an individual’s internal dose to each of his organs, multiplying these doses by each organ’s weighting factor and summing the result would give you the person’s _____.

A

Committed Effective Dose Equivalent (CEDE)

320
Q

A beta particle passing in very close proximity to the nucleus of an atom will likely produce _____.

A

Bremsstrahlung - also known as ‘braking’ radiation, is x-ray radiation that may occur when charged particles interact with an atomic nucleus. It is almost exclusively associated with beta and high-energy electron radiations.

321
Q

Charged particle ionization results in the production of _____.

A

An ion pair - in ionization, a negatively charged electron (anion) is energetically separated from an atom creating a positively charged atom or molecule (cation) until recombination with a free electron.

322
Q

_____ is more likely to occur with beta particles than alpha particles.

A

Backscatter -

One of the characteristics of beta particle interaction is backscattering.

Beta particles tend to backscatter from the sample and/or sample holder.

Backscattering can increase the true counting rate by 20% to 30%; however, it is possible to make corrections for backscattering.

Two applications where backscatter corrections should be considered are instrument calibration and surveying for beta contamination on a hard surface

323
Q

In designing shields for beta minus sources, care must be taken to shield for:

A

Bremsstrahlung photons

The shielding around high-energy beta sources usually consists of a low atomic number shield, such as plastic, located close to the source, with an outer layer of high atomic number shielding, such as lead. The low atomic number shield absorbs the beta particle energy, while the high atomic number shield absorbs the bremsstrahlung photons created by the beta particles interacting with the low atomic number shield.

324
Q

The most common type of interactions between alpha particles and matter are _____ and _____.

A

Ionization and excitation

325
Q

_____ _____ is most likely to occur at low energies and high atomic numbers.

A

Photoelectric Effect

326
Q

When is photoelectric effect most likely to occur?

A

low photon energy and high Z energy

327
Q

The most probable interaction of radiation in a cell results in:

A

Radiolysis of water in the cell forming reactive free radicals. The radiation will ionize the water molecules.

328
Q

What are free radicals?

A

Chemically reactive fragments of molecules.

329
Q

Ionization of the DNA molecule of a cell is called _____.

A

A direct effect.

The ionization breaks the chemical bonds that hold the DNA strands together.

330
Q

The indirect effect of radiation on a cell is the result of

A

Radiolysis of water

331
Q

A higher dose will _____ the latency period.

A

reduce

332
Q

An _____ dose of radiation occurs when a large dose is delivered over a short period of time.

A

Acute

333
Q

What is the goal of a dose limit?

A

Limit/reduce stochastic effects to an acceptable level of risk and prevent nonstochastic effects from occurring.

This goal is met by setting a limit for stochastic effects at 5 rem per year (called the stochastic limit) and a limit for nonstochastic effects at 50 rem per year per organ (called the nonstochastic limit).

334
Q

Which instrument would be the best choice for measuring x-rays from an x-ray machine?

A

Victoreen 451 - ionization chamber

335
Q

For most source organ-target organ combinations, and for most radionuclides, the controlling limit for occupational exposure is the ______.

A

Stochastic limit of 5 rem/year

336
Q

Which term is defined as the derived limit for the amount of radioactive material that, if taken into the body will deliver an internal dose equal to the yearly limit?

A

The Allowable Limit of Intake (ALI) is that amount of a radionuclide, which, if taken into the body by inhalation or ingestion, would result in a CEDE of 5 rem or a CDE to an organ of 50 rem,

337
Q

The dose to an organ (other than the lens of the eye and skin) is evaluated with the _____ and _____.

A

Commited Dose Equivalent (CDE) and Deep Dose Equivalent (DDE)

338
Q

When shielding beta particles in high ‘Z’ materials, we must consider …..

A

Bremsstrahlung

339
Q

Which material provides the best shielding from a sealed source gamma (photon) emitter?

A

Most photon shielding will be high Z materials, like lead or concrete, to maximize the number of photoelectric interactions in the shield.

Lead is usually more economical for the lower energy photons, while concrete becomes more economical at very high energies.

340
Q

_____ _____ have a finite range, which means that there is a thickness of material that will completely stop these particles.

A

Beta Particles

341
Q

TRUE or FALSE:

With approval, isotopes may be stored for decay if their half-life is less than 120 days

A

TRUE

as long as it is authorized in the RIC permit

342
Q

TRUE or FALSE

Unless specifically approved by the RIC, radioactive waste cannot be stored longer than 2 years.

A

TRUE

unless specifically approved by the RIC

343
Q
A

BEO160829 (11 decks)

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