bio Flashcards
how do you use:
chromatography paper
ruler/pencil
glassware
solvent
chlorophyll
-Pencil and ruler to draw origin
Line has to be 1cm up from bottom (below origin)
-use capillary tube to add chlorophyll solution to origin
-Place chromatography paper into solvent and don’t let solvent cross line
-Chromatography paper absorbs solvent and moves up separating pigments
-I said remove paper before solvent reaches top
-mark where solvent stops as solvent front
-calculate rf
solvent a separated 5 pigments
b separated 6
explain why
two pigments have same solubility in a but different in b
Glutamate behaves like acetylcholine and is involved in transmission across synapses in pain receptors to the brain. Zincotide blocks Calcium ion channels in some synapses that use Glutamate. Explain why Zincotide reduces symptoms of constant and severe pain.
-Calcium ions cannot diffuse into the presynaptic knob
-Calcium ions lead to the fusion of vesicles carrying glutamate to the presynaptic membrane
-Glutamate doesn’t bind to specific receptors on postsynaptic membrane
-Sodium ion channels don’t open so no influx of sodium ions
-Less depolarisation so threshold not reached and no action potential triggered
The drug is a polypeptide. Explain why the drug was injected directly into the cerebrospinal fluid that bathes the spinal cord & brain instead of being ingested as a pill
-reaches brain quicker
-so is not broken down by enzymes
Why is it important for the pain scale to be a statistically valid scale
-pain is subjective as patients have different thresholds
-to ensure difference in pain detection was significant so comparisons can be made
Why are tropical rainforests conserved
-Maintains biodiversity/ species Richness
-Prevent global warming/ climate change
-Provides resources (economical benefits eg:timber and medicinal plants)
What two features of STR’s allow them to be separated during electrophoresis?
-They are all different lengths therefore masses
why was it important for the scientists to know the base sequence at each end of the
dna frangment?
-Primer needed because it was complementary to STR
-So it stimulated dna replication/transcription
-By acting as a site for dna polymerase to bind
PCR maths
12 x 2⁵⁰ = 1.35x10¹⁶
tertiary and secondary consumer energy difference
-Energy lost through excretion
-Energy lost through respiration
-Not all parts of organism can be consumed
-Energy lost through movement
-Energy transfers less efficient among higher trophic levels
Why was the soil sterilised?
-remove pathogens
-remove pests
-remove saprobiotic bacteria
suggest 2 reasons soil contained recommended conc of fertiliser
-so that ions aren’t a limiting factor eg magnesium
-control variable so only variable controlling growth is the presence of mycorrhinizae
Tomato water evaluation
-Only done on tomato plants
-No statistical test done (They did do stats test) sd bars aren’t a stats test mate
-4 different greenhouses used (diff temps and light levels)
-Only done in one species of the mycorrhizae
-Something about SD bars not overlapping so significant (i can’t remember the data)
Only tested for 60 days so don’t know long term effects?
I said large sample of seeds used
question about bees and hummingbirds evolution
-Allo pat Speciation as in separate geographical locations.
-Variation due to Mutation
-Pollinators mean reproductive isolation (bc only red gametes will find other red and etc)
-Different pollinators provide different Selection Pressures
-Different alleles are selected for
-Change in allele Frequency so
Individuals can no longer reproduce to produce fertile offspring
Carbohydrate loading and creatine
for different muscles
Carbohydrate loading and creatine
for different muscles
-fast skeletal muscle fibres used in intensive exercise
-slow skeletal muscle fibres used in long term exercise
-creatin= phosphocreatine
-phosphocreatin + ADP= ATP
