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Bio 346 - Freshwater Eco. > Bio 346 - Freshwater Eco. (Chpt 15) --> Use and Abuse and Restoration of Standing Waters > Flashcards

Bio 346 - Freshwater Eco. (Chpt 15) --> Use and Abuse and Restoration of Standing Waters Flashcards

1
Q

What services does standing water provide? (4 things)

A
  1. Fisheries (rec and food)
  2. Drinking water storage and improvement
  3. Useful
  4. Recreational
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2
Q

What are the 5 negative effects of standing waters?

A
  1. Overfishing
  2. Eutrophication
  3. Poor reservoir design and operation
  4. Introduction of alien species
  5. Drainage and toxic pollution
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3
Q

What can help decrease the negative effects of standing waters?

A

Remedies and restoration

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4
Q

What is the solution of overfishing in fisheries?

A

Only fish the species that can stand up to fishing should be taken (be able to reproduce itself quickly)

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5
Q

What should be done in order to protect the stock?

A

Monitoring of catch and imposition of regulations on the fisheries

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6
Q

What happens to the yield as the fish are overfished?

A

Decrease

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7
Q

Why is yield always lower than the production rate?

A
  1. Because some fisheries are unsuitable biologically for sustained fisheries
  2. Hard to catch
  3. Cant use as food
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8
Q

What 3 things are required to maintain fisheries?

A
  1. The biology of the fish should be understood
  2. Only those species whose populations will stand up to fishing should be taken
  3. Should be monitoring of the catch and impositions of regulations on the fishery to protect the stocks
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9
Q

What 2 things increase in fish yields?

A
  1. Population

2. Economic pressure

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10
Q

What is hatching dependent on?

A
  1. Temp

2. Food availability

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11
Q

How much energy is needed to find large amount of food for large fish compared to small?

A

Less energy

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12
Q

Where do older trout like to hunt?

A

At the bottom of the water

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13
Q

Where do most species feed?

A

In mid waters on small species

Eg) zooplankton

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14
Q

What benefit do the dorsal and anal fins provide?

A

Provides a powerful tail thrust which allows them to have a burst of high speed

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15
Q

What is an example of a defence mechanism on some fish?

A

Some fish have spiny pectoral fins which would lodge in the throat of a predator when swallowed tail first

  • This gives a grater chance to escape while the predator has to turn their prey around
  • Also decreases the chance of getting stuck between rock crevices
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16
Q

What do young fish eat compared to older fish?

A
  • Young fish eat only soft, submerged plants

- Older fish tackle the more emergent plants

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17
Q

What are 3 things that breed gin depends on?

A
  1. Environment
  2. Recruitment number
  3. Quality
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18
Q

What happens if breeding occurs to late?

A

High chance of failure to bread through early death

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19
Q

What happens if breeding occurs to early?

A

Fish may be too small and unable to cope with the energy demands

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20
Q

What are the 2 types of spawning?

A
  1. Spawning once and then die (putting all of their energy into reproduction)
  2. Spawn multiple times
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21
Q

What is essential to make a wise choice of species for a sustainable fishery?

A

Knowledge of the history of the fish

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22
Q

Mortality rate shouldn’t be grater than what 2 things?

A
  1. Growth rate

2. Addition of new species

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23
Q

Where do pelagic fish live?

A

In unstructured waters, with high risk of predators

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24
Q

What does egg guarding and low egg production and mortality mean?

A

Low recruitment rates

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25
Q

How is the production of fish measured?

A

Production is estimated as the increase in weight of the population per unit time and usually per unit area

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26
Q

What is the most widely used method of sampling fish?

A

By using the mark and recapture method

- Works best in smaller sample sizes

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27
Q

What is a length / weight graph beneficial for?

A

Not having to measure every fish in the future

- Can get as estimate based on the graph

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28
Q

What is removed below the dorsal fin in order to see the rings for measurement clearly?

A

Scales

29
Q

What is the purpose of the scales? (3 things)

A
  1. Age the population
  2. Identify separately the different cohorts
  3. Used to estimate the growth in previous years
30
Q

What are some negative aspects to the ring measurement?

A

Some rings may be absorbed during periods of starvation

  • not 100% accurate
  • Allen curve gives a graphing estimate
31
Q

Where can the production in a given year be found on the graph?

A

The area under the curve

32
Q

What happens to the darkness of the rings as the temp increases?

A

Rings get darker

33
Q

What 2 things are associated with production?

A
  1. Nutrient loading

2. Concentration

34
Q

Whats the problems with fishing?

A

Need to make sure it is sustained from year to year

35
Q

When is rate of mortality highest and lowest in fish?

A 
Highest = When first born and young because they are defenceless and vulnerable 
Lowest = As the fish get bigger and older because they can better protect themselves from predators
36
Q

What does MEY stand for?

A

Max economy yield

37
Q

What doe MSY stand for?

A

Max sustainable yield

38
Q

What are the 5 names of the great lakes?

A
  1. Ontario
  2. Erie
  3. Huron
  4. Michigan
  5. Superior
39
Q

What completely removed the freshwater habitat for much of the temperate land surface?

A

Glaciation

40
Q

Substance fisheries depend on 1 of 5 methods

A
  1. Addition of natural plant poisons to the water
  2. Spears and harpoons
  3. Hooks and line
  4. Non-return basket traps
  5. Baskets scooped through the shallows
41
Q

What were nets used to be made out from?

A
  • First twine
  • Then flax and cotton
  • -> They rot easily but are cheap
42
Q

What are 5 problems with mechanism farming?

A
  1. Catches are large
  2. Bog boats
  3. Large scale docking
  4. Cold stores on shore
  5. Roads and fuel needed
43
Q

What do fish pellets do?

A

The fertilize crops for production

44
Q

Farms are net users of what 2 things?

A
  1. Protein

2. Energy

45
Q

What continent has the largest % of global agriculture? And what is that %?

A
  • Asia

- 90%

46
Q

What is the active fishing technique?

A

You use a replica fly is cast on the lured is on the surface of the water to attract fish in more lotic systems then lentic

47
Q

What is course fishing?

A

Is when you use bait worms and dangle them in water for fish to come and bite
- More common in lentic systems

48
Q

What is the difference between sport fishing and commercial fishing?

A
  • Sport fishing uses light equipment, is meant to be relaxing and is more competitive than commercial fishing
  • Commercial fishing uses big heavy boats and catches fish to sell to markets
49
Q

What was one way they decreased the spread of disease/parasites?

A

Banned the transfer of fish with no licensed

50
Q

Fish breed better in what kind of temp?

A

Higher temperatures

51
Q

What kind of fish is huge in the global market?

A

Aquarium fish

Eg) Goldfish

52
Q

What did industrialization lead to? (4 things)

A
  1. Increase in population
  2. Crowded conditions
  3. Poor sanitation
  4. Epidemics of diseases
53
Q

Increases in population created a greater need for what? (2 things)

A
  • To grow more food on rural land

- Power to drive machinery

54
Q

What was the solution to industrialization needs?

A

Use natural lakes and artificial reservoirs to store water ready for drinking and irrigation and to generate power

55
Q

Artificial eutrophication includes an increase in nutrient loading by which 2 components?

A

P and N

56
Q

Where does the increase loading of P come from?

(3 things)

A
  1. Waste water treatment works
  2. Discharge of raw sewage
  3. Increase from arable land
57
Q

Where does N come from?

A

Vehicles and burning

58
Q

What happens to phytoplankton growth and plant growth when eutrophication increases?

A

They both increase

59
Q

When fine particles pass through a filter and eventually clog it, what is increased in order to disinfect the water?

A

Chlorination

60
Q

Why do shallow lakes respond strongly to nutrient loading?

A

Because there is less area to absorb (little shock absorbance)

61
Q

What happens to growth as O2 decreases?

A

Decreases also

62
Q

What limitations are common with the bottom of the lake?

2 things

A
  1. Nutrient limited

2. Light limited

63
Q

What ways dow water enter the lakes? (2 things)

A
  1. Through direct rain

2. Inflow form catchment

64
Q

Increase in nutrient loading and cultural eutrophication leads to what? And through which formation?

A
  • Growth of algae

- Bloom formation

65
Q

What do algae blooms cause? (4 things)

A
  1. Enviro and health problems
    - -> they produce toxins
  2. Anoxia which leads to killing of fish and internal nutrient loading
  3. Loss of habitats
  4. Loss of recreational usage of fresh and coastal waters
66
Q

What does the input of P and N into aquatic systems lead to? (5 things)

A
  1. Eutrophication
  2. Fatal toxins
  3. Loss of aquatic diversity
  4. Loss of habitat
  5. Increase in chlorination
67
Q

What are 6 land uses that affect climate change?

A
  1. Agriculture
  2. Farming
  3. Fertilization
  4. Waste disposal
  5. Harvesting
  6. Hydrology
68
Q

What is the major way of restoring standing waters?

A

Is to decrease nutrient loading

- It reduced toxic algae

69
Q

Who can overfishing be controlled?

A
  1. The enforcement of of proper regulations

2. The creation of reserved areas where fishing is banned to allow reproduction to take place unhindered

Bio 346 - Freshwater Eco. (14 decks)

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