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Bio 346 - Freshwater Eco. > Bio 346 - Freshwater Eco. (Chpt 8) -- > Uses, Misuses and Restoration of Headwater Streams and Rivers > Flashcards

Bio 346 - Freshwater Eco. (Chpt 8) -- > Uses, Misuses and Restoration of Headwater Streams and Rivers Flashcards

1
Q

What would salmon die without?

A

River systems in order to migrate

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2
Q

What did family tribes own rights to?

A

Specific spots on the river for fishing

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3
Q

What was the river commonly used for?

A

Transportation

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4
Q

What was 5 things were commonly traded, instead of money?

A
  1. Salmon oil
  2. Berries
  3. Dog meat
  4. Jade
  5. Slaves
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5
Q

Animals were believed to become what after death?

A
  • Reincarnated as gods
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6
Q

What happened if you failed to share wealth?

A

Its as believed the result in punishment by the animal, such as a failure int he salmon run

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7
Q

Where are headwaters often located?

A

In upland regions where soils are thin

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8
Q

Pasturage

A

Deliberate removal of forest

- Expect in very dry and high areas

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9
Q

What impact does the clutter created by fallen tress have on the natural forest? (2 things)

A
  1. Provides structure that is needed for fully functioning streams
  2. Creates places protected from grazers where tree seedlings can grow
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10
Q

What happens to predators as human settlement increases? What about the small animals?

A
  • Decrease in predators

- Increase in small animals

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11
Q

What happens to water retention as the oxidation of soil increases?

A

It decreases

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12
Q

What is the pH of acid rain?

A

5.5

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13
Q

What happens to fish as acidification continues?

A

Decrease in fish in streams

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14
Q

What initially caused acidification?

A

The industrial expansion in the 20th century

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15
Q

Where does acidification come from

A

Combustion of mini, coal and production of gases

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16
Q

What is a product of acidification?

A

SOx and NOx

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17
Q

What happens tot eh fish eggs if you reduce pH?

A

It interferes with the enzyme that fish embryos use to break through egg membranes

  • They will fail to hatch
  • Crustaceans can’t form their exoskeleton for protection
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18
Q

What are N gases produced by? (3 things)

A
  1. Vehicle engines
  2. Burning of vegetation
  3. Emission of NH3 from animal wastes
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19
Q

What are some serious effects due to increase in N gases? (4 things)

A
  1. Damage to local vegetation, causing increase vulnerability for forest trees to frost
  2. Drought
  3. N loading decreases diversity
  4. Increases grazing damage from insects
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20
Q

When are sensitivities highest?

A

In cold, dry areas with soils that have low base saturation compared to warmer, wet areas with a higher base saturation

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21
Q

What does dust provide?

A

Substantial buffering capacity

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22
Q

What are the 2 most important components when controlling environmental emissions?

A
  1. P

2. N

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23
Q

What does during of agriculture and coal produce?

A

NH3 (ammonia)

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24
Q

What happens to agricultural sources if coal burning decreased?

A

Increase

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25
Q

What do we see in critical loading?

A

Decrease in quantity and quality of species

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26
Q

What are 3 ways silt and particulate nutrients to steams?

A
  1. Ploughing
  2. Tillage
  3. Fertilization
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27
Q

Eutrophication

A

Is the transfer of nutrients

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28
Q

What part of the tree sinks to the bottom of rivers and clogs the beds?

A

Tree needles

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29
Q

How do trees help acidification? And what happens when they re removed?

A
  • Trees help with the uptake of acidification

- If removed they will no longer be effective

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30
Q

Who produce biological waste?

A

People

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31
Q

What 4 things are contained in sewage disposal?

A
  1. Organic matter
  2. Nutrients
  3. Bacteria
  4. Viruses
32
Q

What are 2 consequences from using the water directly from the stream?

A
  1. Increase in gastrointestinal disease

2. Outbreaks of typhoid and cholera

33
Q

Where do the nutrients P and N go when the ground is fully saturated?

A

Goes to the nearest stream

34
Q

What are the negative effects of weed blankets?

A
  1. Nutrient dilution
  2. Decrease in algal growth
  3. Decrease in O2
35
Q

What happens to the demand of O2 as you get further away from the outfall?

A

Increases

- The higher demand for O2, the lower capacity for species can survive and will eventually decrease

36
Q

What does BOD stand for?

A

Biological oxygen demand

37
Q

What diverse waste has industries produced? (4 things)

A
  1. Heavy metals
  2. Acids
  3. Alkalis
  4. Deoxygenating chemicals
38
Q

When there is a decrease in chemicals, what happens to the species diversification?

A

It increases

39
Q

Water supplies are more likely to be what as human activity increases?

A

Contaminated by with diseased organisms

40
Q

What re 4 negative side effects to damming?

A
  1. Stops migration of fish (can’t spawn)
  2. Alters size and flow of rivers
  3. Traps nutrients
  4. Effects ecosystems
    - Flood plains left dry
    - Salt water penetrates fro inland
    - Fisheries are destroyed
41
Q

Changing upstream

A

Nutrients

42
Q

Changing downstream

A

Water flow

43
Q

What happens when we fish more than the production of species?

A

They are lost

44
Q

Why here hatcheries created?

A

Because breeding was not successful in the world

45
Q

What do fast flowing rivers do?

A

Provide power for machinery

Eg) cotton gins, metal hammers and looms

46
Q

What mostly kills pathogens?

A

Heat

- Sludge is then converted to a more or less pleasant solid

47
Q

What can produced methane do?

A

Help to generate power to run the pumps needed at the works

48
Q

How do regulations limit how much [ ] of specific substances that can be discharged into the rivers?

A

Through cost

49
Q

What 3 countries still have poor sewage treatments even though they have thriving economies?

A
  1. China
  2. India
  3. Brazil
50
Q

What kind of lakes are more likely to be N limited?

(More P limited) (3 things)

A
  • Lowland lakes
  • Shallow lakes
  • Lakes in warmer regions
51
Q

What happens to biodiversity as N increases?

A

It decreases

52
Q

Where is N more commonly originated from?

A

Agricultural land

- Rather than from sewage

53
Q

Removing what kind of contaminant through wastewater treatments is more expensive to remove and why?

A
  • N is more expensive to remove than P

- Less soluble

54
Q

How do you remove Nitrate? Phosphate?

A
  • Denitrification

- Absorption

55
Q

What happens to the use of pesticides as the need for agricultural increases?

A

Increases

56
Q

What causes chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)?

A

New refrigerants and propellant gases from spray cans

57
Q

What do CFCs effect?

A

The ozone layer, which helps to protect us from UV radiation

58
Q

What form does P come in?

A 
Particle form (doesn't have a gas form) 
- Can travel over long distances
59
Q

What are 3 examples of heavy metals?

A
  1. Pb
  2. Cd
  3. Hg
60
Q

What is DDT used for?

A

Crop insecticide (cotton), protection against malaria, typhus

61
Q

Dioxins used for?

A

Unintentionally produced during combustion, manufacturing (paper and metal recycling) Smoke

62
Q

How was rivers monitored in the 20th century?

A

Monitored dissolved O2 [ ] , NH3 [ ] and BOD

63
Q

What does organic pollution do to O2 [ ], BOD and NH3 [ ?

A
  • Decrease O2

- Increase BOD and NH3 [ ]

64
Q

What are 5 common things measured at the sites?

A
  1. Slope
  2. Distance from the source
  3. pH
  4. Chloride content
  5. Nature of the bottom substratum
65
Q

What does the water framework directive (WFD) do?

A

Attempts to remedy the restrictions whilst giving a more comprehensive framework for water management then as been possible

66
Q

What does the WFD cover?

A

Rivers, streams, lakes, reservoirs, estuaries and coastal waters
- But not open waters

67
Q

What are rivers characterized from? (5 things)

A
  1. Latitude
  2. Depth
  3. Area
  4. Catchment size
  5. Local geology
    - Things that aren’t influenced by human activity
68
Q

What are 5 things that need to be taken into account for water chemistry?

A
  1. O2
  2. pH
  3. Nutrients
  4. Salinity
  5. Polluting substances
69
Q

What is water quality largely monitored by?

A

Chemical approaches

70
Q

What are the 3 fundamental ecological characteristics that pristine sites have?

A
  1. Parsimony of nutrient availability
  2. Characteristic structure
  3. Connectivity with other systems
71
Q

What is the only logical way of approaching the requirements?

A

1st to determine scenario for high and good quality and then work backwards to figure out what needs to be done

72
Q

What is the composition of the atmosphere regulated by?

A

Balance of photosynthesis and respiration

73
Q

Where is water stored and purified?

A

Wetland systems

- Others protect coasts against erosion and stroms

74
Q

Rehabilitation ecology

A

The recreation of a semi-natural system that resembles the natural ones
- Its what we do when we manage a nature reserve to encourage growth of particular plant and animal communities or cover domestic landfill or minerals waste tip with some sort of vegetation

75
Q

Reconciliation ecology

A

Recreating ecological systems that provide essential functions yet allow for human needs
- requires a much greater effort

Bio 346 - Freshwater Eco. (14 decks)

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