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bio 4 FINAL KILLLLL MEEE > bio final exam > Flashcards

bio final exam Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three phases of general adaptation syndrome

A

alarm
adaptation
exhaustion

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2
Q

alarm reaction

A

initial response to stress

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3
Q

adaptation

A

includes activation of appropriate responses systems and reestablishment of homeostatic balance

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4
Q

exhaustion

A

occurs when stress is prolonged or severe

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5
Q

where is info from the HPA axis conveyed

A

PVH or paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus

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6
Q

corticotropin releasing factor

A

synthesized and secreted by neurons in the PVH

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7
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

what the cells in the anterior pituitary synthesize and secrete into the bloodstream

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8
Q

ACTH stimulates the release of what from the adrenal cortex

A

cortisol

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9
Q

what does cortisol do

A

increases blood sugar by activating metabolism

catabolizes fat and proteins

after the stressor ends cortisol feeds back into the brain to shut off HPA axis

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10
Q

prolonged cortisol from HPA hyperactivity may inhibit what

A

growth hormone release

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11
Q

what causes synapse loss in the hippocampal and prefronta cortical pyramidal neurons

A

prolonged elevations in corticosterone

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12
Q

three types of depression

A

colloquial

reactive depression

major depressive disorder

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13
Q

colloquial depression

A

superficial, temporary sadness

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14
Q

reactive depression

A

due to a bad life event

usually resolves itself within 6 months

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15
Q

major depressive disorder

A

severe depression, prolonged

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16
Q

post partum depression

A

depression after childbirth

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17
Q

MDD

A

what u have bitch

extreme feelings of sadness everyday for weeks

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18
Q

MAO (monoamine oxidase)

A

a presynaptic enzyme that degrades neurotransmitters into metabolites

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19
Q

MAO inhibitor

A

blocks MAO activity and prevents the breakdown of MA neurotransmitters

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20
Q

monoamine hypothesis for depression

A

depression is caused by low 5HT and NE neurotransmitter activity

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21
Q

tricyclics

A

form of antidepressant that blocks transporter proteins that reabsorb 5HT NE and DA back into the presynaptic terminal

22
Q

SSRIs stands for…

A

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

23
Q

what do SSRIs do

A

block serotonin reuptake back into the presynaptic neurons

24
Q

bupropion

A

inhibits reuptake of dopamine and NE but not serotonin

25
Q

deep brain stimulation

A

implanting an electrode in the prefrontal cortex and giving mild stimulation

26
Q

dexamethasone suppression test

A

tests for depression in hospitalized patients

27
Q

dexamethasone is a ___ for cortisol receptors

A

agonist

28
Q

BDNF

A

brain-derived neurotrophic factor

29
Q

neuroleptics

A

basically antipsychotics

drugs that block DA receptors

30
Q

typical antipsychotics

A

block D2 receptors

31
Q

atypical antipsychotics

A

block D2 but have other effects less well understood

32
Q

glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia

A

deficient activity at glutamate synapses in the frontal cortex accounts for SZ

33
Q

unipolar disorder

A

cycling between feeling normal and depressed

34
Q

bipolar disorder

A

cycles between two extremes, general mania and depression

35
Q

bipolar 1 disorder

A

full blown episodes of mania, also w bouts of depression

36
Q

bipolar 2 disorder

A

milder episodes of mania also w bouts of depression

37
Q

what makes learning and memory special

A

it is a fundamental property for our nervous system and makes us who we are

38
Q

define learning and memory

A

an experiential induced change in the nervous system that may be expressed in future behaviors

39
Q

define plasticity

A

“changeability” of neurons

40
Q

korsakoff’s syndrome

A

failure to recall past events and recognize familiar objects

41
Q

define confabulate

A

patients of korsakoff’s syndrome often provide a narrative of events that never happened or try to fill in the blanks with false info

42
Q

place learning is

A

mediated by the hippocampus

43
Q

habit learning is

A

mediated by the striatum

44
Q

habituation

A

decrease in response to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly

45
Q

sensitization

A

increase in response to mild stimuli as a result of seeing something more intense repeatedly

46
Q

LTP

A

long term potentiation

a stable and enduring increase in the effectiveness of synapses that results from a specific type of stimulation

47
Q

lateralization

A

idea that each hemisphere of the brain is specialized for different functions

48
Q

arcuate fasiculus

A

the connector between broca’s language production area and wernickes speech comprehension area

49
Q

optic chiasm

A

where half the axons from each eye cross to the opposite side of the brain

50
Q

prosopagnosia

A

face blindness

bio 4 FINAL KILLLLL MEEE (1 decks)

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