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Biology H > Bio Final Study Guide > Flashcards

Bio Final Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

law of independent assortment

A

inheritance of one gene for one character doesn’t affect inheritance of a different gene for a different character

only applies to genes that are on different chromosomes

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2
Q

testcross

A

1) individual with unknown genotype and dominant phenotype
MATED WITH
2) individual that is homozygous recessive

*able to find the possible genotype for the unknown

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3
Q

incomplete dominance

A

phenotype of a heterozygote is a blending of the two homozygote

ex. AA=red aa=white Aa=red

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4
Q

codominance

A

two alleles are both expressed equally with no blending in heterzygotous individuals

ex. AB blood has both A and B blood
ex. roan horse color has both red and white shown up

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5
Q

Rh factor

A

protein that exists on surfaces of red blood cells

Rh+ (RR/Rr) means it exists
Rh- (rr) means it doesn’t exist

Rh+ can receive from either
Rh- can only receive from Rh-

if Rh- receives blood from Rh+ agglutinations occurs

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6
Q

universal donor

A

blood type O

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7
Q

universal recipient

A

blood type AB

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8
Q

polygenic inheritance

A

two or more genes affect a single phenotype

ex. height, human skin color

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9
Q

pleiotropy

A

a pattern of inheritance where one gene affects many phenotypes

ex. genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis causes many symptoms so affects the body in many ways

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10
Q

linked gene

A

two or more genes that are on the same chromosomes, tend to be inherited together

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11
Q

recombination frequency

A

directly proportional to how far the linked genes are apart from each other on the same chromosome

the larger the number, the further apart the genes are on the chromosome, so crossing over is less likely to happen

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12
Q

ecosystem

A

includes communities (biotic) and physical environment (abiotic)

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12
Q

community

A

all living organisms close enough for potential interaction

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13
Q

density-dependent limiting factor

A

factors that increase directly as population density increases (predators, food, competition, living space)

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14
Q

density-independent limiting factor

A

factors that do not vary with population density (ex. natural disasters, storms, fires, etc.)

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15
Q

r-selected animal

A

small, short-lived, no parental care, mature rapidly, reproduce once (ex. insects, fish, amphibians)

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16
Q

k-selected animal

A

large, long-lived, intense parenting, mature slowly, reproduce many times (ex. mammals, birds)

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17
Q

cryptic coloration

A

protectice, camouflage coloring

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18
Q

aposematic coloration

A

warning, bright + visible coloring

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19
Q

producers

A

at the bottom of the food chain, support all the other trophic levels

ONLY AUTOTROPHS

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20
Q

primary consumers

A

herbivores, eat the producers

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21
Q

secondary consumers

A

carnivores, eat the primary consumers

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22
Q

decomposers

A

feed on all the trophic levels, ingest dead organic matter and convert it to inorganic matter

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23
Q

which direction do arrows go on a food web

A

in the direction of energy transfer

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24
Q

biomass

A

the total mass of organic material in an area or trophic level

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25
Q

why does the food pyramid get narrower towards the top

A

consumers at the top require more energy than lower-level consumers so there are less

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26
Q

keystone species

A

a species that has a disproportionately large impact on other species in the same ecosystem. if removed, it can cause a chain reaction of events called a trophic cascade

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27
Q

trophic cascade

A

chain reaction of events that occurs with the removal of a keystone species

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28
Q

decomposition

A

when decomposers convert dead organic matter into inorganic matter

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29
Q

hydrolysis of ATP

A
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30
Q

phospohrylation of ATP

A
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31
Q

3 things needed for photosynthesis

A
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32
Q

where does photosynthesis occur

A

chloroplast (thylakoids and stroma)

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33
Q

cellular respiration

A
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34
Q

where does cellular respiration occur

A

mitochondria and cytoplasm

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35
Q

where do light reactions take place

A

thylakoids

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36
Q

where does Calvin Cycle take place

A

stroma

37
Q

how does photosystem work

A
38
Q

3 dispersion patterns

A

clumped, uniform, random

39
Q

2 kinds of population growth

A

exponential and logistic

40
Q

exponential growth

A

unlimitied population growth

41
Q

logistic growth

A

population growth slowed or decreased by limiting factors as population size increases and reaches carrying capacity

42
Q

survivorship curve Type 1

A

few offspring, many survive early/middle years, high mortality at older ages

ex. humans, mammals

43
Q

survivorship curve Type 2

A

constant mortality at all ages

ex. birds, reptiles, rodents

44
Q

survivorship curve Type 3

A

produce many offspring, high mortality when young, few survive to adulthood

ex. plants, fish

45
Q

Intra specific competition

A

WITHIN**

members of same species compete for same resources

46
Q

Inter specific competition

A

members of different species compete for resources

47
Q

3 kinds of interspecific competition

A
  1. interference
  2. exploitation
  3. apparent
48
Q

interference competition

A

two species compete directly for a resource (lion + hyena fight for prey)

49
Q

exploitation competition

A

two species interact indirectly as they compete for a resource (deer eats grass, makes less available for other species)

50
Q

apparent competition

A

organisms indirectly affect each other competing for survival to same predator (hawk preys on two species, numbers of one population affects the other)

51
Q

bottom heavy age structure diagram is capable of……

A

capable of rapid growth

52
Q

evenly distributed age structure diagram tends to…..

A

remain stable

53
Q

top-heavy age structure diagram are likely to…..

A

decline

54
Q

symbiosis

A

2 species living in close association with each other

55
Q

water cycle

A

Evaporation
Precipitation
Runoff
Transpiration

56
Q

carbon cycle

A

Removal: photosynthesis removes CO2 from air and incorporates into organic compounds
Moving: carbon moves through food web
Return: carbon is restored via cellular respiration, decomposition and combustion

57
Q

nitrogen cycle

A

Conversion:
-nitrogen-fixing bacteria converts atmoshperic N2 to ammonium
-ammonium converted to nitrates by nitrifying bacteria

Moving:
-ammonium & nitrate ions taken up by plants
-nitrogen moves through food web

Return:
-denitrifying bacteria converts nitrates to atmospheric N2
-decomposition returns ammonium ions back to soil

58
Q

phosphorous cycle

A

Addition: weathering of rocks ass phosphate ions to soil

Moving: plants take up phosphate from soil, moves through food web

Return: decomposers return phosphate to soil

59
Q

artificial selection

A

modification of living species over time by selecting and breeding those with desirable qualities

60
Q

Natural Selection

A

some organisms with certain heritable traits survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals of the same species, resulting in a change in the species over time

61
Q

does natural selection create new traits

A

no

62
Q

inheritance of acquired characteristics

A

lamarck’s idea that individual organisms are modified by and become adapted to their environment

63
Q

microevolution

A

small scale changes in a gene pool over generations

64
Q

4 causes of microevolution

A
  1. mutations
  2. genetic drift
  3. gene flow
  4. natural selection
65
Q

2 kinds of genetic drift

A
  1. bottleneck effect
  2. founder effect
66
Q

bottleneck effect

A

kind of genetic drift, is a reduction in population size due to disaster

67
Q

founder effect

A

a few individuals in a population colonize a new habitat and become isolated from original population

68
Q

3 kinds of natural selection

A
  1. stability selection
  2. directional selection
  3. disruptive selection
69
Q

stability selection

A

favors intermediate phenotypes, selects against extremes

70
Q

directional selection

A

favors less common phenotype

71
Q

disrputive selection

A

favors both extreme phenotypes

72
Q

homologous structures

A
73
Q

analogous structures

A
74
Q

vestigial structures

A

remnants of features that served an important function ot an organism’s ancestors but not to current organisms dervied from same ancestor

75
Q

biogeography

A

geographic distribution of organisms

76
Q

classification order

A

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Dear King Phillip Could Order Five Great Seals

77
Q

what is the modern naming system for species

A

Linnaean system of binomial nomenclature

*two latin words: genus and species

78
Q

3 kinds of domains

A
  1. Domain Bacteria
  2. Domain Archaea
  3. Domain Eukarya
79
Q

macroevolution

A

large-scale evolution (formation of new species, mass extinction)

80
Q

speciation

A

one species diverges into two or more species

81
Q

2 kinds of speciation

A
  1. allopatric
  2. sympatric
82
Q

allopatric speciation

A

geographically isolated, ancestral population divided by geographic barrier so interbreeding is prevented

83
Q

sympatric speciation

A

a new species arises from the same geographic area as the parent species

84
Q

reproductive isolation

A

keeps two species from interbreeding, preventing gene flow from occuring between two different species

85
Q

what is reproductive isolation caused by

A

barriers which prevent member of two different species from interbreeding

86
Q

2 types of barriers that cause reproductive isolation

A
  1. prezygotic barrier
  2. postzygotic barrier
87
Q

prezygotic barriers

A

prevent mating, prevent zygote from forming

88
Q

postzygotic barriers

A

prevent an already formed zygote from developing into a fertile adult

89
Q

5 kinds of prezygotic barriers

A

habitat isolation
temporal isolation
behavioral isolation
mechanical isolation
gametic isolation

90
Q

2 kinds of postzygotic barriers and what they do

A

hybrid inviability: development/survival of hybrids is impaired & don’t reach reproductive maturity

hybrid sterility: fail to produce functional gametes

Biology H (6 decks)

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