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bio 150 anatomy & physiology > bio lab chap 2 > Flashcards

bio lab chap 2 Flashcards

1
Q

cell structure and function

What is the cell?

A

Building block of all living things,

smallest component that can be considered “alive” on it’s own

contains organelles that carry out life functions to maintain homeostasis.

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2
Q

Organelle and their Function, (NMRELG) all organelles

Nucleus

A

the organelle that contains the cells DNA and is the control center of the cell

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3
Q

Ribosome

A

The organelle in which amino acids are hooked together to make proteins

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4
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

the organelle that makes lipids, breaks down drugs and other substances, and packages proteins for Golgi complex.

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5
Q

Mitochondrion

A

the organelle that breaks down food molecules to make ATP.

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6
Q

Golgi complex

A

the organelle that processes and transports proteins and other materials out of cell.

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7
Q

Lysosome

A

the organelle that digests food particles, wastes, cell parts, and foreign invaders.

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8
Q

shapes, sizes and functions

cells in human body

A

brain cells
fat cells
heart muscle cells
red blood cells
nerve cells

about 40 trillion cells in human body, with variety of (S, S, F)

cells have diff structures and shapes bc they have diff functions. each cell has its own role, and their shapes help carry out those roles.

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9
Q

cell types

A

are named and classified based on their structure

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10
Q

Squamous

A

look like squashed cells

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11
Q

Cuboidal

A

look like cubes

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12
Q

Columnar

A

look like collums (longer cubes0 (taller)

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13
Q

Polygonal

A

poly- dots, small tight circles, red, purple pimples

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14
Q

Stellate

A

look like static cells “stellate”

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15
Q

Spheroidal

A

spheres, sphere shape circle, bubbles

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16
Q

Discold

A

red blood cells shape of disc- discold

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17
Q

Fusiform

A

footballs, “form” squashed circles

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18
Q

fibrous

A

fiber, long and thing, look like worms

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19
Q

simple, stratified and pseudostratified

A

tissues may also be classified by how many layers of cells are present

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20
Q

simple

A

cells form a single layer

ex- simple columnar epithelium (cells side by side stacked)

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21
Q

stratified

A

cells form multiple layers

ex- statified columnar epithelium (multiple cells stacked and layered)

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22
Q

pseudostratified

A

closed packed cells that appear to be layered, but are all attached to the same surface (called a basement membrane)

only columnar can be this, check why!

23
Q

Plasma membrane

Barrier/gateway between the cytoplasm and ECF

A

SELECVTIVE PERMEABLE

allows some things through and prevents other things from entering

and leaving the cell.
provides protection to cell, is a trasnport but not considered in active, and passive transport.

24
Q

Passive transport

dosen’t need energy

A

Requires no ATP,
random molecular motion of particles provides the necessary energy
the fundamental movement of ions and other molecular substances within cells along the concentration gradient.

ex; Filtration, Dfiffusion, Osmosis

also known as passive diffsuion

25
Q

Active transport

needs energy

A

Consumes ATP (energy)
the movement of ions/ molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes+ ATP

ex: Active transport and vesicular transport

26
Q

Lipid bilayer

A

substances diffuse best through lipid layer

nonpolar, hydrophobic, lipid soluble,

27
Q

channel proteins

A

hydrophilic solutes diffuse through channel proteins in membrane

water and charged!

28
Q

cells control permeability by

A

regulating number of channel proteins or by opening and closing gates

29
Q

Passive transport

(filtration)

faciliated diffsuion

A

particles are driven through a selectively permeable membrane by HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE (physical pressure) (force exterted on a membrane by water.

filtration of nutrients through capillary walls into tissue walls, faciliated diffusion

Filtration of wastes from the blood in the kidneys while holding back blood cells and proteins

30
Q

Passive transport, (Passive diffusion)

simple diffusion

A

Net movement of particles down their concentration gradient (from high concentration to low concentration

increases surface area, goes through plasma membrane

Rate affected by:
Temperature - temp = motion of particles

Molecular weight - larger molecules move slower

Steepness of concentrated gradient - difference =  rate

Membrane surface area -  area =  rate

Membrane permeability -  permeability =  rate

31
Q

Passive Transport

Osmosis

faciliated diffusion

A

Flow of Water, across a selectively permeable membrane

side with higher water concentration to side w lower water concentration

Reversible attraction of water to solute particles forms hydration spheres, which makes those water molecules less available to diffuse back to the side from which they came

32
Q

osmosis and hydrostatic pressure

hydrostatic pressure

A

Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure that pushes back against osmosis as more and more water builds up from osmosis; osmosis slows down due to increasing hydrostatic pressure.

hydrosatic pressure in filtration (water)

33
Q

tonicity

A

ability of a solution placed outside of a cell to affect fluid volume and pressure inside a cell

34
Q

tonicity

hypotonic solution

0.45% NaCl, 0.25 % NaCl , 2.5% glucose, dextrose sugar)

hypo-less tonic

A

Has a lower concentration of non-permeating solutes and a higher water concentration than intracellular fluid (ICF) (hypo-less tonic-charge particle (low tonicity)

Causes cells to absorb water, swell and possibly burst (lyse)

it has a lower concentration of salt, and sugar then the blood.

35
Q

tonicity

hypertonic solution

3% NaCl, 5% NaCl !

hyper- more tonicity

A

Has a higher concentration of nonpermeating solutes and a lower water concentration than intracellular fluid (ICF)

has more charged

Causes cells to lose water + shrivel (crenate)

36
Q

tonicity

isotonic solution

0.9 % NaCl (normal saline, sodium chloride) or 5% glucose

A

Concentrations in cell and ICF are the same
Cause no changes in cell volume or cell shape

Ex: Normal saline

37
Q

the cell cycle and mitosis

cell cycle order

A

G1 phase- first gap phase
S- synthesis phase
G2 phase- second gap phase
M phase- Mitotic phase
Interphase
G0- G zero phase

38
Q

cell cycle

G1 phase-

most of a cell life

A

cell growth
Interval between cell division and DNA replication

Accumulates materials needed to replicate DNA! makes organelles +protein

cells accomplish most of their growth, get bigger in size and make proteins and organelles needed for normal functions of DNA synthesis.

39
Q

cell cycle

S phase

synthesis phase

DNA replication 23>46 pairs

A

DNA synthesis
Duplicates centrioles
DNA replication occurs

the cell synthesizes a complete copy of the DNA in its nucleus.

40
Q

cell cycle

G2 phase

second gap phase

preparing for mitosis, make microtubules

A

Cell growth
Interval between DNA replication and cell division
Finishes centriole duplication
Synthesizes enzymes that control cell division
Repairs DNA replication errors

41
Q

cell cycle

M phase

mitotic phase

A

Cell replicates its nucleus
Pinches in two, to form new daughter cells

nuclear division(mitosis) followed by cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis

The DNA is replicated in the preceding S phase; the two copies of each replicated chromosome (called sister chromatids) remain glued together by cohesins.

42
Q

cell cycle

interphase

A

collection of G1, S, and G2 phases

only has cellular growth not cell divison yet and most cell lives there for most of the time, (except cancer cells), prepares for cell division

43
Q

cell cycle

G0

no more cell division

A

cells that have left the cycle for a “rest” or permanently stopped dividing (ex. neurons, skeletal/cardiac muscle do not divide)

44
Q

cell cycle

mitosis

mitotic

A

Cell division in all somatic (body) cells, all cells except the eggs and sperm.

4 phases -
PROPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, TELOPHASE

Functions of mitosis:
Development of the individual from one fertilized egg to some 40 trillion cells
Growth of all tissues and organs after birth
Replacement of cells that die
Repair of damaged tissues

45
Q

mitosis

phases

A

prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

46
Q

mitosis phase

prophase

A

chromosomes condense and become visible
spindle fibers emerge from the centrosomes
nuclear envelope breaks down!
centrosomes move toward opposite poles!

47
Q

mitosis phase

prometaphase

A

chromosomes continue to condense
kinetochores appear at the centromeres
mitotic spindle microtubles attach to kinetochores

48
Q

mitosis

terms

A

centrosomes- move to both poles of the cell (non membranes)
spindle fibers- constructed between the centrosome

49
Q

mitosis phase

metaphase

A

chromosomes are lined up at the metaphase plate,
each sister chromatid is attached to a spindle fiber originating from opposite poles.

50
Q

mitosis phase

anaphase

A

centrosomeres split in two
sister chroatids(chromosomes) are pulled toward opposite poles.
certain spindle fibers begin to elongate the cell

51
Q

mitosis phase

telophase

A

-chromosomes arrive at opposite poles and begin to decondense
-nuclear envelope matieral surrounds each set of chromosomes
-spindle vibers continue to push poles apart

mitotic spindle breaks down

52
Q

mitosis phase

cytokinesis

A

animal cells; a clevage furrow seperates the daughter cells
plant cells- a cell plate, the precursor to a new cell wall, seperates the daughter cells

53
Q

timing of cell division

cyclins, and cyclin-dependent kinases

A

protein kinases characterized by needing a separate subunit - a cyclin - that provides domains essential for enzymatic activity

DNA replication complete, adequate supply of nutrients

enough cytoplasm for 2 daughter cells,
chromosome in correct position during each phase of mitosis

54
Q

cells stop dividing when….

A

When nutrients or growth factors are withdrawn
Contact inhibition – the cessation of cell division in response to contact with other cells
no more contact

bio 150 anatomy & physiology (4 decks)

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