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biology GCSE > Bio topic 3 > Flashcards

Bio topic 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what is a communicable disease

A

pathogenic diseases that can spread between individuals

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2
Q

what are pathogens

A

harmful microorganisms that cause infectious diseases

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3
Q

what are different examples of pathogens:

A
  • bacteria
  • viruses
  • fungi
  • protists
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4
Q

bacteria (pathogens)

A

rapid reproduction through binary fission affect host by releasing toxins that damage tissues causing bacterial diseases

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5
Q

viruses (pathogens)

A

virus enters host and its proteins bind with cell receptors so virus and cell fuse allowing viruses DNA to enter cell and divide through mitosis

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6
Q

fungi (pathogens)

A

grows on living tissue and steals cells energy and nutrients

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7
Q

protists (pathogens)

A

parasitic eukaryotic organisms spread diseases through vectors

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8
Q

what are some direct ways communicable diseases are transmitted

A
  • direct contact
  • sex
  • placental transfer
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9
Q

what are some indirect ways communicable diseases are transmitted

A
  • vectors
  • droplet infections (mucus)
  • waterborne
  • foodborne (raw meat)
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10
Q

what are prevention methods to reduce communicable diseases

A

-destroying vectors like mosquitos with malaria
-hygiene (washing hands)
-isolation reduces contact to diseases
-vaccines

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11
Q

measles in a virus that usually affects kids

A

-symptoms: fever, red skin rashes
-long term potential risks: blindness, brain damage
-transmitted by: inhaling infected droplets from coughs and sneezes
-treatments: no treatment so patient must isolate
-prevention: MMR vaccine

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12
Q

HIV is a virus that can lead to AIDS

A

-symptoms: high temp, feeling tired
-long term potential risks: travels to lymph nodes and damages immune system (AIDS)
-transmitted by: sex or exchange of bodily fluids (e.g.: needles), from mother to baby when breastfeeding
-treatment: no treatment
prevention: antiretroviral drugs can be used early on the slow or halt progression into AIDS

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13
Q

TMV is a virus that affects plants chloroplast

A

-symptoms: discoloration on leaves, lack of growth
-long term potential risks: decreased crop yield due to lack of photosynthesis
-transmitted by: direct contact with infected plant, virus can stay in soil for 50 years
-treatment: no treatment so main step is good hygiene for field
-prevention: using TMV-resistant crop strains

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14
Q

are all bacteria’s pathogenic

A

no

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15
Q

what are optimum factors for bacteria grown

A

warm, moist, protein-rich environment that is pH neutral or slightly acidic

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16
Q

salmonella is a bacterial disease which affects people

A

-symptoms: fever, cramps, diarrhoea, cramps, vomiting
-long-term effects: none usually it goes in 3 days
-transmitted by: contaminated, undercooked food like eggs
-treatment: not really needed
-prevention: chickens are vaccinated in UK against salmonella, and cooking food thoroughly especially chicken

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17
Q

gonorrhoea is a bacterial disease which affects people

A

-symptoms: yellow-green discharge, pain during urination, sometimes no shown symptoms
-long term potential risks: ectopic pregnancy, pelvic pain, future kids might be born blind
-transmitted by: unprotected sex
-treatment: antibiotics (however strains are becoming resistant to penicillin)
-prevention: contraception

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18
Q

what does asymptomatic mean

A

producing or showing no symptoms

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19
Q

what are unicellular fungi’s body made up of

A

hyphae (thread-like structures) which produce spores

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20
Q

rose black spots are fungal diseases affecting plants

A

symptoms: purply black spots on leaves, leaves end up falling off
long term effects: loss of leaves as less chloroplast for photosynthesis so lack of energy to make flowers
transmitted by: fungal spores carried in wind and water
treatment: fungicides
prevention: breeding Rose black spot resistant plants

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21
Q

what is the thing that spreads protist diseases

A

vectors

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22
Q

malaria is a protist disease which harms people

A

symptoms: fever, shaking episodes
long term potential risks: fatal
transmitted by: mosquitos that are infected
treatment: Coartem drug
prevention: insecticide kill mosquitos, using antimalarials

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23
Q

first line of defence

A

Skin = scabs in injury
tears = flushes away pathogens from eye, they have lysozymes which attack bacteria
mucus = traps pathogens and clears them out through coughing and sneezing
hair in nose = traps pathogens and clears them out

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24
Q

what three things do white blood cells do to protect the body from pathogens

A

-phagocytosis (ingest)
-produce antibodies
-produce antitoxins

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25
Q

phagocytosis

A

phagocytes engulf and digest pathogens by surrounding it and releasing enzymes which digest them

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26
Q

production of antibodies

A

lymphocytes produce antibodies (y-shaped proteins) which is complimentary to antigens on pathogens surface which clumps them together and signals other parts of the immune system to attack pathogen

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27
Q

memory cells

A

lymphocytes that remain after infection and produces antibodies which will quickly respond the next time the disease enters body

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28
Q

production of antitoxins

A

lymphocytes produce antitoxins which neutralise toxins produced by pathogens

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29
Q

what is a vaccination

A

exposing an individual to the antigens of a pathogen which triggers immune system response for formation of memory cells which can make antibodies against it the next time it enters the body

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30
Q

what is herd immunity

A

if a large majority of a population is vaccinated against a pathogen, it is unlikely an unvaccinated person will get infected with pathogen
so it protects vulnerable like the poor who cannot have vaccine

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31
Q

what is an endemic

A

a disease present permanently in population (e.g. malaria in Africa)

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32
Q

what is an epidemic

A

an outbreak of disease that attacks many people in a community (e.g. cholera in England)

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33
Q

what is a pandemic

A

an epidemic that spreads worldwide (e.g. covid-19 all over the world)

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34
Q

advantages of vaccines

A
  • reduces numbers of cases of certain diseases like polio
  • epidemics/pandemic risks can be reduced
  • longer life expectancy for people of community
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35
Q

disadvantages of vaccines

A
  • vaccine doesn’t always give immunity
  • side effects of vaccines like rashes and seizures
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36
Q

how do vaccines work

A
  • small quantity of dead or inactive form of pathogen into body to stimulate WBC to produce antibodies against pathogens antigens
  • if pathogen enters memory cells quickly produce antibodies to prevent infection
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37
Q

what is active immunity

A

body creates antibodies to disease due to exposure to disease or a vaccine

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38
Q

what is passive immunity

A

when antibodies are given from another organism like when a mother gives baby antibodies through breastfeeding

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39
Q

antibiotics

A

cures bacterial diseases by killing infective bacteria. they work by stopping bacteria’s cellular processes

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40
Q

why dont antibiotics work against viruses

A

don’t have cell walls that can be attacked by antibiotics like bacteria does

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41
Q

what do painkillers do

A

they help reduce symptoms NOT KILL PATHOGENS
e.g. ibuprofen reduces inflammation not kills the pathogen

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42
Q

what was the first antibiotic and who and how did he discover it

A

1928- Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin accidental discovered penicillin from a mouldy petri-dish

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43
Q

how do diseases become antibiotic-resistant

A

if disease is not fully killed when treated with antibiotics the remaining disease will have random mutations in DNA may give resistance and will spread which is dangerous

44
Q

how do we prevent antibiotic-resistant bacteria

A

-reduce number of antibiotics prescribed
-patients finish full course when prescribed
-reduced use in agriculture

45
Q

how do we reduce spread of resistant strains

A

-good hygiene
-infected patient should isolate

46
Q

drugs/meds from plants

A

plant = foxglove:
drug is called DIGITALIS which is used to strengthen heartbeat

plant = willow bark:
drug is ASPIRIN and is an anti-inflammatory and painkiller

47
Q

what three things do drugs have to be tested for

A
  • toxicity = is it potentially harmful
  • efficacy = does it even work
  • dosage = what is the least amount used but it still works
48
Q

how is preclinical testing done

A

in lab using cells, tissue and animals

49
Q

how are clinical trials done

A

healthy volunteers and patients

50
Q

in double-blind trials patients are given….

A

either drug or a fake placebo

51
Q

what are the three stages of drug development

A

1) preclinical trials: drug is tested in lab on cells and tissues and computer models show how it would work for human. the efficacy and toxicity are tested at this stage
2) whole organism testing: drug is tested on animals to see its effects (legally in UK min 2 diff animals) the efficacy, dosage and toxicity is tested at this stage
3) clinical trials: drug is tested on healthy volunteers at low dosage which gradually increases to see toxicity and required dosage for humans. then patients with the condition the drug is attempting to help are tested blindly (some given the drug and some a placebo) which neither a patient nor doctor knows to see its efficacy
4) the dosage is tested on the targeted patients if all previous tests pass

52
Q

where do people get medications from

A

plants or microorganisms

53
Q

what are monoclonal antibodies

A

antibodies made up of identical immune cells cloned to parent cells

54
Q

how are monoclonal antibodies made

A

injecting a mouse with antigen, so mouse’s lymphocytes produce antibodies. the antibodies are combines with cancer (myeloma) cell as they divide rapidly. this makes a hybridoma cell which divides and produces antibody. this can be collected and purified for use on patients

55
Q

what can monoclonal antibodies treat

A

Cancer.
Organ transplant rejection.
Inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, including allergies.
Infections
Eye conditions.
High cholesterol.

56
Q

how are monoclonal antibodies helpful for pregnancy tests

A

pregnant women produce HCG hormone when urinate
the part person urinates on is the part of pregnancy test strip which has blue beads covered in antibodies specific to HCG which are free to move. if a woman is pregnant the HCG in urine binds to antibodies on test and this flows up the test strip.it comes into contact with a fixed line of monoclonal antibodies which will bind to the flowing HCG attached to blue beads. these beads get stuck in place causing strip to appear blue
this shows positive pregnancy result

57
Q

what other uses do monoclonal antibodies have

A

-markers for prostate cancer test
-screens for HIV presence
-drug testing for athletes
-detects specific molecules

58
Q

how does monoclonal antibodies help treat cancer

A

1- using them to trigger immune cells to destroy them
2- using them to block receptors so cancer doesn’t divide and spread
3- carry toxic drugs to tumour site in radiotherapy

59
Q

what is a disadvantage to monoclonal antibodies

A

there are many, high-risk side effects

60
Q

aphids are insects which can infest

A

they infest roses and tomatoes
found in large numbers on new shoot to suck sap
reduces that growth rate of plants and can eventually kill them

61
Q

Plant defences- Physical defences

A

covered with a thick bark an external layer of dead cells which forms barrier against infection
plant cell has a cellulose cell wall which acts as another barrier against infection
Leaves are covered with a waxy cuticle which also stops their cells from becoming infected

62
Q

Plant defences- Chemical defences

A

mint and witch hazel produce antibacterial chemicals which limit the spread of bacteria
stinging nettles have developed poisons to stop themselves being eaten by herbivores

63
Q

artificial plant defences

A

genetically engineering crop plants to be resistant to infections.

64
Q

Mechanical plant defences

A

-Thorns and hairs
-Drooping leaves- Mimosa pudica plant evolved to close leaves and point stems to ground when touched by insect so its difficult for the insect to feed on leaves.
-Mimicry- passion flower vine mimics eggs left behind by butterflies so they lay eggs on other leaves to avoid competition when they ‘might’ turn into caterpillars

65
Q

symptom of rice blast fungus on plants

A

decaying stem

66
Q

symptoms of ash dieback fungus on plants

A

Malformed stems or leaves

67
Q

symptoms of tobacco mosaic virus on plants

A

discoloured leaves

68
Q

symptoms of mealybugs on plants

A

stunted growth

69
Q

Nitrate use in plants

A

absorb nitrates in water through roots to make proteins for healthy growth

70
Q

Nitrate deficiency in plants

A

amount of chlorophyll in leaves reduces so leaves turn a pale green or yellow colour which reduces the plant ability to
photosynthesise

71
Q

Magnesium ion use in plants

A

use magnesium ions to make chlorophyll in their leaves

72
Q

Magnesium ion deficiency in plants

A

less chlorophyll made so less light absorbed so less photosynthesis for energy to be released

73
Q

Growth of plants in different nutrient solutions experiment

A

Sow ten barley seeds on cotton wool in Petri dish adding 10cm^3 of distilled water sealing using tape prevent water loss by evaporation
place on sunny windowsill to germinate with 4 Petri dishes
after 1 week pour out water and add 10 cm3 of:
Petri dish 1 - Distilled water
Petri dish 2 - Culture solution containing magnesium sulfate and potassium nitrate
Petri dish 3 - Culture solution containing magnesium sulfate (deficient in nitrogen)
Petri dish 4 - Culture solution containing potassium nitrate (deficient in magnesium)
Replace all Petri dishes on the window sill
leave for two weeks
Open each Petri dish and carefully remove each seedling
from the cotton wool.
Dry in an oven and record the total dry mass of each set of ten seedlings.

74
Q

Non-specific human defence systems against disease

A

Skin
nose hairs
trachea have cilia
goblet cells create the mucus
Stomach acid

75
Q

The immune system of the human body in defence against disease

A

Phagocytes surrounds pathogens in blood and engulf them phagocytes membrane surrounds pathogen and enzymes found inside cell breaks down the pathogen to destroy it

Lymphocytes recognise proteins antigens on the surface of pathogens and produces antibodies which sticks pathogens together and for phagocytes to engulf them

Lymphocytes produces antitoxins to neutralise pathogens toxins which are specific to antigen

76
Q

what makes humans feel ill

A

toxins that pathogens release

77
Q

stopping spread of cholera

A

expose to UV light to kill pathogens in unclean water

78
Q

stopping spread of Salmonella

A

Cooking foods thoroughly and preparing them in hygienic conditions

79
Q

stopping spread of Athlete’s foot

A

Washing surfaces with disinfectants kills pathogens

80
Q

stopping spread of Measles

A

MMR vaccine

81
Q

stopping spread of HIV/AIDs

A

condoms

82
Q

Antibiotics

A

slow down or stop the growth of
bacteria

83
Q

what does antibiotics not work on

A

viral ones.

84
Q

how do viral diseases work

A

virus enters host cells
virus outer protein stripped off
nucleic acid enters cells nucleus
cells changes to start reproducing virused cells

85
Q

toxicity

A

being toxic or poisonous

86
Q

efficacy

A

how well it works

87
Q

dose

A

quantity needed to work safely

88
Q

effect of antiseptics or antibiotics on bacterial growth using agar plates and measuring zones of inhibition

A

Soak filter paper disks in solutions with diff concs of same solution or a same amount of diff solutions. A control disk must be also included.
Pour the sterile agar plates and allow to set fully.
Measure the clear area around the soaked filter paper disks using PiR^2

89
Q

use of monoclonal antibodies to diagnose

A

Monoclonal antibodies attached to dyes that will glow fluorescent under UV light to make disease identification easy

90
Q

chlorosis

A

yellowing leaves

91
Q

identifying plant diseases

A
  • gardening manuals/ books and websites
  • testing in labs
  • using monoclonal antibodies
92
Q

cancer

A

uncontrollable cell growth

93
Q

tumour

A

lump of cells formed as a result of uncontrolled cell division

94
Q

Benign canccer

A

Grows slowly; usually grow within a membrane, so can easily be removed; does not invade other parts of the body

95
Q

malignant cancer

A

Grows quickly; invades neighbouring tissues and can spread to other parts of the body in the bloodstream; as the tumour grows, cancer cells detach and can form secondary tumours

96
Q

metastasis

A

cancer cells detach and can form secondary tumours in other parts of the body

97
Q

causes of cancer

A

exposures of some viruses (e.g: HPV) spread through sex
chemical carcinogens in cigarette smoke increasing the risk of lung cancer
alcohol intake is linked with certain cancers
exposure to ultraviolet radiation which ionising during sunbathing or outdoor activities, leading to the development of skin cancers
diet, including fat and salt intake, increases the risk of cancer
biology genetics

98
Q

affect of alcohol

A

slows reaction time
causes difficulty walking
can impair memory
causes slurred speech
causes changes in sleep patterns and mood, including increased anxiety and depression
causes brain shrinkage
leads to memory problems
leads to psychiatric problems

99
Q

effects of alcohol on unborn babies

A

smaller in size
has a smaller brain with fewer neurones
will have long-term learning and behavioural difficulties
has distinct facial features

100
Q

human and financial costs of alcoholism

A

there is increased violence, antisocial behaviour and other crime associated with alcoholism
there is an increased risk of accidents
there is increased absence from work
alcoholism causes mental decline
alcoholism increases treatment costs to NHS

101
Q

diabetes type 1

A

pancreas fails to produce enough insulin and can be controlled by injecting insulin

102
Q

causes of diabetes type 1

A

genetics
young age

103
Q

diabetes type 2

A

person’s body cells no longer respond to insulin produced by the pancreas and can be controlled by a carbohydrate controlled diet and exercise

104
Q

causes of diabetes type 2

A

obesity
old age

105
Q

Bile

A

-produced in liver
-stored in gallbladder
-released into small intestines
1-emulsifies fats
2-creates larger surface area of fat
3-lipase breaks down fat into fatty acids and glycerol

106
Q

Why does lipase breaking down lipids cause a more acidic product

A

-lipase breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol
-fatty acids makes pH more acidic so lower

biology GCSE (6 decks)

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