Biochemistry/nutrition Exam

Question 1

What are organic molecules and what atoms do they contain

Answer 1

They are compounds that contain carbon atoms that are covalently bonded to other carbon atoms and to other elements like hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

Question 2

What are the 3 types of carbohydrates and examples

Answer 2

Monosaccharides- simple sugars that contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ration. They have only a single sugar unit. Ex.fructose, glucose, galactose

Disaccharides- double sugars made from 2 monosaccharides combining in a condensation reaction. Ex. Sucrose, lactose

Polysaccharides- Complex molecules made of 3 or more monosaccharides. Ex. Glycogen

Question 3

What is dehydration synthesis

Answer 3

When 2 molecules join together by taking off a H and OH. This process is used to create polymers.

Question 4

What are vitamins?

Answer 4

Organic molecules essential to an organism in small quantities for proper metabolic processes. Classified by there solubility, Fat soluble and water soluble

Question 5

Proteins

Answer 5

Organic compounds composed of C,H,and O, but also N and S. its composed of 20 different amino acids.

Question 6

What do proteins do? And an example

Answer 6

They make up cell organelles, build tissue, muscles, nerves, skin, have antibodies to fight disease, etc. ex are keratin-grows hair and nails. Insulin-regulates blood sugar. Actin and myosin-contract muscles

Question 7

Lipids

Answer 7

Made of 3 fatty acids and glycerol. Single bond are saturated fats and double bonds are unsaturated fats. They are insoluble in water

Question 8

Functions of lipids

Answer 8

They mainly store energy. They also serve as key components in cell membranes, act as cushions for delicate internal organs, act as carriers for vitamins A,D,E,K, act as raw material for the synthesis of hormones and other chemicals.

Question 9

Enzymes

Answer 9

Proteins that act as a catalyst by accelerating chemical reactions. They have a specially shaped active site that only a specific substrate can bind to.

Question 10

What effects how an enzyme works?

Answer 10

Ph ranges and the concentration of the substrate molecules. Too low or high ph effects the hydrogen bonds of a protein causing it to be denatured. For concentration, the greater # of substrate molecules- greater # of collisions- greater reaction rate. Inhibitors also slow the enzyme down.

Question 11

Deficiency disease

Answer 11

The condition of a long term lack of vitamins. The 2 causes are primary- not getting enough vitamins in your diet, and secondary-not enough vitamins being absorbed even if you eat enough.

Question 12

Substrate

Answer 12

The molecules in which the enzyme works. The enzyme and substrate fit together like a lock and key and after the reaction is done the enzyme releases the products

Question 13

What are the small molecules that make up fats, carbohydrates, and proteins?

Answer 13

Fats- glycerol and fatty acids

Carbohydrates- simple sugars

Proteins- amino acids

Question 14

Activation energy

Answer 14

When a molecule collides with enough energy and the proper orientation which causes a chemical reaction

Question 15

Denatured

Answer 15

The unfolding or breaking down of a protein, modifying its 3 dimensional shape

Question 16

Starch

Answer 16

A plant polysaccharide composed of multiple subunits of glucose. Used for energy in plants

Question 17

Glycogen

Answer 17

A polysaccharide used for energy in animals

Question 18

Cellulose

Answer 18

A polysaccharide that makes up the plant cells walls

Question 19

Functions of vitamins

Answer 19

Vitamin A-Regulator of cells, tissue growth and differentiation. Vitamin D-Hormone like functions, regulates mineral metabolism for bones and other organs. Vitamin B- Complex functions like enzyme cofactors or precursors for them. Vitamin C and E-Antioxidants

Question 20

Scurvy

Answer 20

Scurvy is a disease caused by the lack of vitamin C. Symptoms may be weakness, fatigue, sore arms and legs, changes to hair, gum disease and easy bleeding. It can be prevented by eating uncooked vitamin C rich foods such as citrus fruits, leafy vegetables and organ meats

Question 21

Rickets

Answer 21

Rickets is a disease that causes weak or soft bones in children, caused by dietary disease or genetic causes. Can be prevented by vitamin D supplements, or more sun to help your body make vitamin D. Otherwise, treatment depends on the underlying cause

Question 22

Whats the different types of cholesterol?

Answer 22

LDL: considered bad cholesterol. Sticks to the lining of your artery walls and can cause high blood pressure.

HDL: collects cholesterol from your arteries and transfers it to the liver for disposal

Question 23

Whats a vitamer

Answer 23

One of several related compounds that perform the functions of said vitamin and prevents the symptoms of deficiency in that vitamin

Question 24

Water soluble

Answer 24

A molecule entity that is attracted to a water molecule and tends to be dissolved in water. Its lost easily in urine

Question 25

Fat soluble

Answer 25

Soluble in organic solvents and absorbed in and transported in a matter that is similar to fats.