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Biology AS > Biodiversity > Flashcards

Biodiversity Flashcards

1
Q

Messeger RNA

A
  • Made during transcription
  • Carries genetic code from DNA to the ribosomes where its used to make protein during translation
  • mRNA is a single polynucleotide strand
  • In mRNA groups of three adjacent bases are called codons
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2
Q

Transfer RNA

A
  • Involved in translation
  • Carries the amino acids that are used to make proteins to the ribosomes
  • tRNA is a single polynucleotide strand folded into a clover
  • Has hydrogen bonds to keep the clover shape
  • tRNA molecules have a specific sequence of three bases at one end called an anticodon and an amino acid at the other end
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3
Q

Transcription

A
  • Enzyme called RNA polymerase attaches to the DNA
  • Hydrogen bonds between two DNA strands break and it uncoils
  • Bases become exposed and the sense strand becomes a template for mRNA
  • RNA nucleotides pair up with specific bases on DNA and they are joined together by RNA polymerase
  • Forming an mRNA molecule which moves out of the nucleus through a nuclear pore and attaches to a ribosome
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4
Q

Translation

A
  • The mRNA attaches to a ribosome
  • tRNA has an anticodon that is complementary to the first codon on the mRNA so they attach and the amino acid it codes for is left behind
  • More tRNA molecules attach to the codons in order on the mRNA
  • The amino acids that are left behind are joined together by a peptide bond
  • This produces a chain of linked amino acids called a polypeptide chain until there is a stop signal on the mRNA molecule
  • The polypeptide chain folds into a protein
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5
Q

Introns

A
  • Part of the DNA that is non-coding
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6
Q

Exons

A
  • Part of the DNA that code for amino acids
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7
Q

The Genetic Code

A
  • Sequence of codons/ base triplets in mRNA which code for a specific amino acid
  • Non-overlapping: each base sequence is read in order and only apart of one triplet
  • Degenerate: more than one triplet combination codes for the same amino acid
  • Start/stop signal: some triplets signal the start and stop production of mRNA
  • Universal: same specific base triplets code for the same amino acids in all living things
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8
Q

Eukaryotes Products of Transcription

A
  • Introns and exons are both copies into mRNA during transcription
  • mRNA strands containing introns and exons are called pre-mRNA
  • Splicing occurs which removes the introns and joins the exons together to form the mRNA strand
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9
Q

Prokaryotes Products Of Transcription

A
  • mRNA is produced directly from DNA

- This is due to there being no introns present in prokaryotic DNA so splicing isn’t necessary

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10
Q

Number Of Bases & Amino Acids

A
  • Sometimes more bases are reported than there are amino acids
  • Introns are present and these are non-coding sections/bases
  • Stop/start codons don’t code for amino acids, instead they code for the start or end of protein production
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11
Q

Genes & Alleles

A
  • Genes can exist in many forms called an allele

- Orders of bases in each allele differ slightly so they code for different version of the same protein

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12
Q

Classification

A
  • Grouping together related organisms
  • There are eight levels of groups used to classify organisms
  • The groups are called taxa and each group is called a taxon
  • Arranged in a hierarchy with the largest groups at the top and smallest at the bottom
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13
Q

Taxonomy

A
  • The science of classification, involves naming and dividing organisms into groups
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14
Q

Hierarchy

A
  • Groups within groups
  • Without overlap; organisms only belong to one group at each level
  • Down the hierarchy there are more groups at each level with fewer organisms in each group that are more closely related
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15
Q

Levels of Classification

A
  • Organisms ate first sorted into three domains
  • Kindgom
  • Phylum
  • Class
  • Order
  • Family
  • Genus
  • Species
  • Do Keep Ponds Clean Or Frogs Get Sick
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16
Q

Species

A
  • A group of similar organisms

- That are able to reproduce to give fertile offspring

17
Q

Binomial Naming System

A
  • Organisms have one internationally accepted scientific two-part Latin name
  • First part is the genus name
  • Send is the species name
  • Genus name starts with a capital letter, species with a lowercase and the whole name is underlined or in italics
18
Q

Courtship Behaviour

A
  • Carried out by organisms to attract a mate of the same species
  • Species specific; only members of the same species will do and respond to the courtship behaviour
  • Allows members of the same species to recognise each other, prevent interbreeding
  • Useful in classifying organisms; more closely related species exhibit more similar courtship behaviour
19
Q

Phylogeny

A
  • Study of evolutionary history of a group of organisms; it tells us who’s related to whom and how closely related they are
  • All organisms evolved from shared common ancestors; the first branch point represents the common ancestor
  • Each of the following branch points represent another common ancestor from which a different group diverged
  • Closely related species diverged away from each other most recently as the branches are close together
20
Q

Biodiversity

A
  • The variety of living organisms in one are
21
Q

Habitat

A
  • The place where an organism lives
22
Q

Community

A
  • All populations of different species in one habitat
23
Q

Species Richness

A
  • A measure of the number of different species in a community
  • As well as being a simple measure of biodiversity
24
Q

Index Of Diversity

A
  • Describes the relationship between the number of species in a community and the number of individual in each species

= N(N-1) / SUM OF n(n-1)

N = Total number of organisms of all species

n = Total number of organisms of one species

25
Q

Woodland Clearance

A
  • Done to increase area of farmland

- Reduces trees, destroys habitats so species die or migrate

26
Q

Pesticides

A
  • Chemicals that kill organisms that feed on crops

- Reduces biodiversity by killing pests as well as species that feed on pests as a food source

27
Q

Monoculture

A
  • Only growing one type of plant

- Reduces biodiversity as it supports fewer organisms as a habitat or food source

28
Q

DNA Hybridisation

A
  • DNA from two species are split with heat from being double stranded to single stranded
  • Two differing single strands are recombined to form a hybrid
  • The more heat required to separate the hybrid double strand, the more closely related the two animals
  • Due to more hydrogen bonds having formed during hybridisation
29
Q

DNA Base Sequencing

A
  • The DNA base sequence of one organism is compared to one of another organism
  • Closely related species will have a higher percentage of similarity in their DNA base order
30
Q

Amino Acid Sequence

A
  • Related organisms have similar DNA sequences so similar amino acid sequences in their proteins
  • Cytochrome C is a short protein found in many species
  • Closely related species will have more similar amino acid sequences of Cytochrome C
31
Q

Immunology Comparisons

A
  • Similar proteins will each bind to the same antibodies
  • If antibodies to a human version of a protein are added to isolated samples of protein from some other species
  • Any protein that’s similar to the human version will bind to the antibody

Biology AS (7 decks)

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