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Bioenergetics Flashcards

This topic os a mix of chemistry of biology.

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

What is the respiratory system?

A

A set of organs that allows a person to breathe and exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide through the body.

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2
Q

What is gas exchange?

A

Oxygen is exchanged with a waste gas called carbon dioxide.

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3
Q

What is under the alveoli?

A

A capillary.

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4
Q

How does gas exchange work?

A

Oxygen moves out of the alveoli into the capillaries and binds to red blood cells, in exchange of that carbon dioxide moves out of the red blood cells into the alveoli.

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5
Q

How many adaptations of alveoli are there?

A

3

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6
Q

What are the adaptations of alveoli?

A

Thin and large surface and high concentration of oxygen in the alveoli and low concentration in the blood so this enables rapids diffusion.

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7
Q

Why does the alveoli have a thin surface?

A

So there is a short diffusion distance when gas exchange happens.

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8
Q

Why does the alveoli have a large surface area?

A

So there is lots of surface for gas exchange.

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9
Q

What does alveoli look like?

A

They look like grapes.

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10
Q

What does breathing mean?

A

When your muscles change the size of your lungs.

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11
Q

What does ventilation mean?

A

The movement of air into and out of your lungs.

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12
Q

What is inhalation?

A

The act of breathing in.

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13
Q

What is exhalation mean?

A

The act of breathing out.

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14
Q

What happens to the body when inhalation happens?

A

The ribcage goes up and out and the diaphragm goes down.

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15
Q

What happens to the body when exhalation happen?

A

The ribcage goes down and the diaphragm goes up.

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16
Q

What does aerobic mean?

A

Involving or requiring oxygen.

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17
Q

What does respiration mean?

A

The chemical reaction which happens in living organisms to transform energy to your cells.

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18
Q

Why does the body need energy?

A

The body needs energy to:
Enable movement e.g. contraction of leg muscles for walking.
To keep our bodies warm
Contraction of heart muscle, so that the heart beats.

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19
Q

What type of process is respiration?

A

Respiration is the process that gives the body energy.

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20
Q

What is the equation for aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose + oxygen ➡️ carbon dioxide + water + energy (ATP)

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21
Q

What is ATP in the aerobic respiration’s equation?

A

ATP is the energy molecule of the cell.

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22
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

Aerobic respiration is respiration in the presence of oxygen.

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23
Q

Which part of a cell /organelle does aerobic respiration take place?

A

Mitochondria.

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24
Q

Which parts of the body need lots of the mitochondria is needed?

A

The heart, the digestive system, the muscles and the brain.

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25
Q

Why does the heart, the digestive system, the muscles and the brain need lots of mitochondria?

A

They need mitochondria because they need lots of energy.

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26
Q

What does anaerobic mean?

A

Anaerobic means in the absence of oxygen.

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27
Q

What is the equation for anaerobic respiration in human cells?

A

Glucose ➡️ Lactic Acid.

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28
Q

Where does anaerobic respiration occur in the human body?

A

It occurs in muscle cells.

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29
Q

When does anaerobic respiration occurs in humans?

A

When we are running long distances , which can cause our muscles to respire anaerobically.

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30
Q

What does lactic acid do to the muscles?

A

The lactic acid causes cramps in the muscles. So when we run long distances, our muscles start cramping because our muscles are anaerobically respiring.

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31
Q

What is the equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast?

A

Glucose ➡️ Ethanol (alcohol) + Carbon Dioxide Gas.

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32
Q

What is used to make bread!

A

Yeast.

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33
Q

How does the carbon dioxide help yeast transform into bread?

A

The carbon dioxide in the yeast helps the bread to rise.

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34
Q

How can yeast turn into beer?

A

Beer is a type of alcohol, and yeast turns glucose into ethanol which is a type of alcohol.

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35
Q

What’s the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

A

Aerobic- needs the presence of oxygen.
Anaerobic- doesn’t need the presence of oxygen.
Aerobic- glucose + oxygen ➡️ energy (ATP) + water + carbon dioxide.
Anaerobic - glucose ➡️ lactic acid. Yeast equation: glucose➡️ ethanol (alcohol) + carbon dioxide.
Aerobic- doesn’t happen in any other object other than human bodies.
Anaerobic- happens in other objects other than human bodies (yeast.)

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36
Q

What does asthma mean?

A

A disease which causes the bronchi to swell causing breathing difficulties.

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37
Q

What is a drug?

A

A substance which affects the way the body works.

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38
Q

Why is smoking dangerous?

A

It contains dangerous chemicals that are poisonous to the body.

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39
Q

What are the dangerous chemicals that are in the cigarettes?

A

Nicotine, Tar, Carbon Monoxide, Formaldehyde, Hydrogen Cynanide, Arsenic, Ammonia and DTT.

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40
Q

How is Nicotine dangerous in cigarettes?

A

It makes cigarettes addictive by cravings.

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41
Q

How is Tar dangerous in cigarettes?

A

It destroys the alveoli and it causes lung cancer.

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42
Q

How can the destruction of alveoli affect a person’s health?

A

The destruction of alveoli
affects a person’s health because gas exchange is reduced , so less oxygen can enter the bloodstream, which leads to difficulty in breathing. It alao affects the process of respiration, which measn the person will have less energy.

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43
Q

How is Carbon Monoxide dangerous?

A

Carbon Monoxide binds to red blood cells, this reduces the ability of oxygen to bind to red blood cells this means organs in the body have less oxygen for respiration, giving less chemicals.

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44
Q

What is meant by passive smoking?

A

Breathing in the smoke of another person smoking a cigarette.

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45
Q

What is the effect of smoking on the brain?

A

When a person smokes, the brain sends messages to the body which makes the smoker feel relaxed, but when the messages goes away the smoker has a craving to smoke more.

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46
Q

How does nicotine effect the heart?

A

Nicotine from smoke reaches adrenaline, adrenaline makes the heart beat faster. If the heart beaters to fast all the time it can damage itself.

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47
Q

What breathing condition is caused by passive smoking?

A

Childhood asthma.

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48
Q

What is an organ?

A

A structure made of more than one type of tissue ( a tissue is made of a group of similar cells.)

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49
Q

What does adapted mean?

A

A structural change of something which allows it to carry out its specific role.

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50
Q

What is the role of the heart?

A

The heart pumps oxygenated blood around the body using blood vessels.

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51
Q

How many types of blood vessels are there in the human body?

A

3

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52
Q

What are the three types of blood vessels?

A

Arteries, veins and the capillaries.

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53
Q

What is the structure of the capillaries?

A

There is no elastic around the vessel but there is a muscle layer.

54
Q

What is the structure of the veins like?

A

The veins have a thinner elastic and they have a muscle layer.

55
Q

What is the structure of arteries?

A

The arteries have a thicker elastic and a muscle layer.

56
Q

What is the circulatory system?

A

A type of system in the body that transports blood to parts of the body

57
Q

What does the circulatory system consist of?

A

The heart, the blood vessels and blood itself.

58
Q

How many circulatory systems are there in the human body?

A

There are actually two separate circulatory systems.

59
Q

What does the first type of circulatory system do?

A

It carries blood from the heart to the lung and then back to the heart.

60
Q

What does the second type of circulatory system do?

A

This one carries blood from the lungs to the body and then back to the heart.

61
Q

What do blood vessels do?

A

The heart pumps blood around the body by using blood vessels.

62
Q

What does the arteries do?

A

It carries oxygenated blood away from the heart.

63
Q

What do the veins do? Human

A

It carries blood with no oxygen into the heart.

64
Q

What does the capillaries do?

A

They are under the alveoli, and they are an important role in gas exchange which links to the respiratory system.

65
Q

Where can you find the capillaries in the body?

A

You can find these around cells and tissues.

66
Q

What do capillaries do?

A

They transfer oxygen gas into cells (a part of gas exchange)

67
Q

What are the parts of the heart?

A

The artery, the atrium, the valves and the ventricle.

68
Q

What is an atria?

A

2 atriums.

69
Q

What is the heart made out of?

A

Muscle.

70
Q

What is the heart partitioned into?

A

The right-hand side and the left-hand side.

71
Q

What is a reactant?

A

Materials needed for a reaction to take place (left side of an equation)

72
Q

What is a product?

A

Materials produced form an equation (right side of an equation.)

73
Q

What do leaves and solar panels have in common?

A

They both need a lot of light energy.

74
Q

What are plants?

A

Plants are producers that make food from simple chemicals

75
Q

What are green plants different from other plants when it comes to photosynthesis?

A

They do not absorb food from the soil, for photosynthesis

76
Q

What do plants need in order for photosynthesis to happen?

A

They use water and carbon dioxide to make sugar and oxygen.

77
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide + water ➡️ glucose + oxygen.

78
Q

What process allows gas exchange in/out of a leaf?

A

Respiration

79
Q

Why is the process called photosynthesis?

A

Because ‘photo’ means light and ‘synthesis’ means to make.

80
Q

What is chlorophyll?

A

Chlorophyll is a chemical found in chloroplasts. They absorb light and it is present in plants that need photosynthesis?

81
Q

Which part of a plant is chlorophyll found in?

A

They are found in the leaves of a plant

82
Q

What is an endothermic reaction?

A

Any chemical reaction that absorbs heat from its surroundings.

83
Q

What is an exothermic reaction?

A

A chemical reaction which releases energy.

84
Q

Is photosynthesis an exothermic or endothermic reaction?

A

An endothermic reaction.

85
Q

What are the adaptations of a leaf?

A

Leaves are very thin, they are wide and flat, they have veins, and they have a stomata.

86
Q

What is a stomata?

A

These are pores on the underside of leaves which helps gases move in and out (gas exchange in a leaf)

87
Q

Why do leaves have veins?

A

They have veins so they can carry water to the cells and carry glucose away and also support leaves.

88
Q

Why are leaves wide and flat?

A

This creates a large surface area to absorb as much light as possible for photosynthesis.

89
Q

Why are leaves very thin?

A

This allows gases to reach the leaves easily.

90
Q

Why do leaves have so many palisade mesophyll cells?

A

Because these cells
contain chloroplasts which contain chlorophyll.

91
Q

Why do cells have a waxy cuticle?

A

So the leaf is waterproof and the waxy cuticle stops the water being lost from the leaf.

92
Q

Why do leaves have lots of air spaces?

A

So it enables gases to easily diffuse.

93
Q

What do guard cells do?

A

They open and close the stomata.

94
Q

What are spongy mesophyll cells?

A

They are loosely packed cells with air spaces and they are found in leaves.

95
Q

What is an adaption of a root hair cell?

A

They have a large surface area.

96
Q

What is the process that allows water to go through roots?

A

Osmosis.

97
Q

Where are minerals taken into a plant?

A

The roots.

98
Q

Where is water taken into the plant?

A

The roots.

99
Q

Where is carbon dioxide taken into a plant?

A

The leaves.

100
Q

What are minerals?

A

Substances found in small quantities in the soil taken up by the plant roots by active transport.

101
Q

Why are minerals important? Plant

A

Minerals are important for plant growth.

102
Q

What does active transport require?

A

Active transport requires energy which plants get form respiration.

103
Q

What are the needed minerals of a plant?

A

Magnesium, phosphorus, nitrates and potassium.

104
Q

Why is Magnesium needed in plants?

A

It is needed to make chlorophyll, a chemical found in plant cells that is vital for photosynthesis.

105
Q

What are symptoms of magnesium deficiency in a plant?

A

Yellow leaves. They get yellow leaves because there isn’t enough chlorophyll in the plant and chlorophyll makes a plant green.

106
Q

Why is Phosphorus needed in a plant?

A

They are needed for root growth.

107
Q

What are signs of Phosphorus deficiency in a plant?

A

Purple leaves.

108
Q

Why is Nitrates needed in plants for?

A

So the plants can have a healthy growth.

109
Q

What are signs of Nitrates deficiency in a plant?

A

Yellow leaves and dead patches.

110
Q

What is Nitrates similar to?

A

Nitrates are like Nitrogen for plants.

111
Q

What is Potassium needed for in plants?

A

Potassium is needed for flowers/leaves to grow.

112
Q

Where do plants get minerals from?

A

Minerals are in soil ➡️ Minerals dissolve in water ➡️ The minerals are carried into the log hair by the water ➡️ Xylem vessels carry the minerals throughout the plant.

113
Q

Why do farmers use fertilisers?

A

Farmers use fertiliser so they can replace the minerals which can be lost from the soil when all crops are removed.

114
Q

What fertiliser do farmers use?

A

The NPK frertiliser.

115
Q

What does NPK fertiliser stand for?

A

N for Nitrates. P for Phosphates. K for Potassium (it is K because K is the elemental symbol for Potassium on the Periodic Table.)

116
Q

When do farmers use fertilisers?

A

They would be normally replaced when the plant dies or when leaves are shed.

117
Q

What is a hazard?

A

An object which can cause risk.

118
Q

What is a risk?

A

When an event linking to the hazard cause harm or injury to someone.

119
Q

What is the control of risk?

A

A way to avoid the risk.

120
Q

What is the reagent for starch?

A

Iodine.

121
Q

What is the reagent for Glucose?

A

Benedict’s Solution.

122
Q

How do we know if there is Starch in an object?

A

When we put Iodine on an object and the object turns into a blue/black colour.

123
Q

How do we know if Glucose is in an object?

A

We apply Benedict’s Solution and the object has a brick-red precipitate colour to it.

124
Q

What is Starch made up of?

A

Glucose

125
Q

Is starch present in plants?

A

Yes because glucose is a product of photosynthesis, and if we combine lots of glucose together it makes Starch.

126
Q

What is glucose?

A

A simple sugar, a product of photosynthesis.

127
Q

How does Glucose link to the production of lipids in plants?

A

Glucose is used to make lipids which makes cell membranes around plant cells.

128
Q

What is Cellulose?

A

A long chance of Glucose molecules joined together.

129
Q

How does Glucose link to cellulose?

A

Glucose molecules are joined together to make cellulose and then the cellulose makes a plant cell rigid.

130
Q

How does Glucose link to proteins in plants?

A

Glucose is used to make proteins, used to produce enzymes. Enzymes speed chemical reactions in a plant e.g. photosynthesis.

131
Q

What are proteins made of?

A

Amino acids.

132
Q

Where is cellulose found in the plant?

A

Cellulose is found in the cell walls.

biology (3 decks)

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