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Exercise Physiology > Bioenergetics/Fundamentals of Human Energy Transfer > Flashcards

Bioenergetics/Fundamentals of Human Energy Transfer Flashcards

1
Q

Define energy

A
  • the body’s capacity to extract energy from food nutrients & transfer it to the contractile elements in skeletal muscle determines our capacity to move
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2
Q

1st law of thermodynamics

A
  • energy cannot be created nor destroyed, but transformed from one form to another without being depleted
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3
Q

Describe potential & kinetic energies in the body

A
  • constitute the total energy of a system
  • releasing potential energy transforms the basic ingredient into kinetic energy of motion
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4
Q

Define exergonic reaction

A
  • any physical or chemical process that releases energy to its surroundings
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5
Q

Define endergonic reaction

A
  • chemical processes store or absorb energy
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6
Q

2nd law of thermodynamics

A
  • tendency of potential energy to convert to kinetic energy of motion with a lower capacity for work
  • ultimately, all of the potential energy in a system degrades to the unstable form of kinetic or heat energy
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7
Q

What are 3 forms of biologic work

A

Mechanical work: muscle contraction
Chemical work: synthesis cellular molecules
Transport work: concentration of various substances in the intracellular & extracellular fluids

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8
Q

Equation for cellular respiration

A

Glucose + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

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9
Q

What factors affect bioenergetics

A
  • enzymes
  • reaction rates
  • mode of action
  • coenzymes
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10
Q

Define enzyme

A
  • a highly specific & large protein catalyst that accelerates the forward & reverse rates of chemical reactions within the body without being consumed or changed in the reaction
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11
Q

Define reaction rate

A
  • operation rate of enzymes
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12
Q

Define mode of action

A
  • how an enzyme interacts with its specific substrate
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13
Q

Define coenzymes

A
  • complex nonprotein that facilitate enzyme action by binding the substrate with its specific enzyme
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14
Q

What are the cells’ 2 major energy transforming activities

A
  • form & conserve ATP from food’s potential energy
  • use energy extracted from ATP to power all forms of biologic work
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15
Q

How much ATP does the body store

A
  • 80 to 100 grams
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16
Q

How much energy does the 80-100 grams of stored ATP provide

A
  • provides enough intramuscular stored energy for several seconds of explosive all out exercise
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17
Q

Describe phosphocreatine (PCr)

A
  • provides energy for ATP resynthesis
  • releases a large amount of energy when the bond splits between the creatine & phosphate molecules
  • cells store PCr in larger amounts than ATP
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18
Q

When does hydrolysis of PCr begin

A
  • begins at the onset if intense exercise
  • does not require oxygen
  • reaches a max in about 8-12 secs
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19
Q

What is the fastest energy reaction/source

A
  • phosphocreatine reaction
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20
Q

ATPase equation reaction

A

ATP <–> ADP + Pi + Energy

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21
Q

Creatine Kinase equation reaction

A

PCr + ADP <–> Cr + ATP

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22
Q

Define phosphorylation

A
  • the energy transfer through the phosphate bonds of ATP to other compounds to raise them to a higher activation level
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23
Q

Define oxidation

A
  • biologic burning of macronutrients in the body for the energy needed for phosphorylation
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24
Q

Describe oxidation

A
  • occurs on the inner lining of mitochondrial membranes
  • involves transferring electrons from NADH & FADH2 to molecular oxygen, which release & transfer chemical energy to combine ATP from ADP & phosphate
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25
Q

More than 90% of ATP synthesis takes place in the respiratory chain by oxidative reactions coupled with phosphorylation (True/False)

A
  • True
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26
Q

What does oxygen combine with during aerobic ATP resynthesis

A
  • combines with hydrogen to form water
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27
Q

What product has the highest potential energy and the lowest potential energy

A

Highest: NADH + H+
Lowest: H2O

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28
Q

Are electrons loss or gained during oxidation and reduction

A

Oxidation: electrons are loss (OIL)
Reduction: electrons are gained (RIG)

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29
Q

Macronutrient fuel sources for oxidation

A
  • triacylglycerol & glycogen molecules stored within muscle cells
  • blood glucose
  • free fatty acids
  • carbon skeletons of amino acids
  • anaerobic reactions in the cytosol in the initial phase of glucose or glycogen breakdown
  • phosphorylation of ADP by PCr
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30
Q

Describe carbohydrate energy release

A
  • supplies energy for cellular work
  • the only macronutrient whose potential energy generates ATP anaerobically
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31
Q

The complete breakdown of 1 mole of glucose into carbon dioxide, water, & heat yields a max of how many kCal

A
  • max of 686 kCal of chemical free energy available for work
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32
Q

How many ATP molecules does the oxidation of 1 glucose molecule yield

A
  • yields a total of 32 ATP molecules
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33
Q

Which macronutrients cannot be used for energy without oxygen

A
  • fats
  • proteins
34
Q

Which macronutrient can be used for energy without oxygen

A
  • carbohydrates
35
Q

Define glycolysis

A
  • carbohydrate breakdown
36
Q

Describe aerobic glycolysis

A
  • relatively slow process resulting in substantial ATP formation
  • the 2nd stage of carbohydrate breakdown converts pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, which then progresses through the citric acid cycle
37
Q

Describe anaerobic glycolysis

A
  • rapid but limited ATP production that produces lactate as the end product
38
Q

How many ATP does aerobic glycolysis yield

A
  • 32 ATP
39
Q

How many ATP does anaerobic glycolysis yield

A
  • 4 ATP
40
Q

What is required for pyruvate to convert to acetyl-CoA and continue into the citric acid cycle

A
  • oxygen must be present and available
41
Q

What is the most plentiful source of potential energy

A
  • stored fat
42
Q

How many ATP does the breakdown of 1 triacylglycerol molecule yield

A
  • about 460 ATP molecules
  • takes a lot of time
43
Q

What are the 3 energy sources for fat catabolism

A
  • triacylglycerols stored directly within the muscle fiber close to the mitochondria
  • circulating triacylglycerols in lipoprotein complexes that become hydrolyzed on the surface of a tissue’s capillary endothelium
  • adipose tissue that provides circulating free fatty acids mobilized from triacylglycerols in adipose tissue
44
Q

Fats burn in a carbohydrate flame concept

A
  • when carbohydrate level decreases, the oxaloacetate level may become inadequate, reducing fat catabolism
45
Q

Describe protein energy release

A

-when deamination removes nitrogen from an amino acid molecule, the remaining carbon skeleton can enter metabolic pathways to produce ATP aerobically
- protein acts as an energy substrate during long duration endurance type activities

46
Q

Fats and the metabolic mill

A
  • fatty acids can either enter into beta oxidation or glycolysis
  • if it enters into beta oxidation it turns into acetyl-CoA and goes through the citric acid cycle
47
Q

Carbohydrates and the metabolic mill

A
  • glucose & glycogen go through glycolysis and turn into pyruvate
  • pyruvate forms acetyl-CoA and enters the citric acid cycle
48
Q

Proteins and the metabolic mill

A
  • amino acids go through deamination and form alanine, glycine, or ammonia
  • ammonia turns to urine
  • glycine forms acetyl-CoA and enters the citric acid cycle
  • alanine forms pyruvate, which then forms acetyl-CoA, which then enters the citric acid cycle
49
Q

What is an immediate energy system

A
  • seconds
  • ATP-PCr
50
Q

What is a short term energy system

A
  • 2-3 minutes
  • lactic acid system
  • anaerobic glycolysis
  • uses lactate from breaking down glucose
51
Q

What is a long term energy system

A
  • aerobic system/glycolysis
  • kreb cycle
52
Q

Describe the ATP-PCr system

A
  • used during short duration & high intensity activities (100m sprint)
  • creatine kinase regulates the rate of phosphates breakdown
53
Q

The quantity of intramuscular phosphagens substantially influences “all-out” energy for brief durations (True/False)

A
  • True
54
Q

Describe the lactic acid system

A
  • during intense exercise, intramuscular stored glycogen provides energy to phosphorylate ADP during glycogenolysis, forming lactate
  • performances of short duration & high intensity that require rapid energy transfer that exceeds that supplied by phosphagens (400m sprint, 100m swim, multi-sprint sports)
55
Q

When does blood lactate threshold occur in healthy untrained individuals

A
  • about 55% of their maximal capacity for aerobic metabolism
56
Q

What are the ways the body can get rid of lactate

A
  • transporting it to other muscles or organs with O2 to convert into pyruvate
  • stopping the intense exercise to allow O2 to become present to convert lactate into pyruvate
57
Q

Only exercise at higher intensities produces lactate accumulation (True/False)

A
  • True
58
Q

Factors related to lactate threshold

A
  • low tissue oxygen
  • reliance on glycolysis
  • activation of fast twitch muscle fibers
  • reduced lactate removal
59
Q

Describe lactate shuttling

A
  • lactate produced through glycogenolysis in one cell may be shuttled to another cell to provide fuel for further oxidation
60
Q

What tissue is a major site of lactate production & removal

A
  • skeletal muscle via oxidation for lactate removal
61
Q

What tissue also accepts muscle generated lactate from the bloodstream

A
  • liver & it synthesizes it to glucose
62
Q

What reactions provide for the greatest portion of energy transfer

A
  • aerobic metabolic reactions
63
Q

What does the flat portion/plateau of the oxygen uptake curve represent

A
  • represents the steady rate of aerobic metabolism
64
Q

Describe oxygen uptake during exercise

A
  • O2 uptake increases rapidly during the first minutes of exercise & reaches a relative plateau between minutes 4 & 6 & then remains relatively stable throughout the remainder of exercise
65
Q

Describe oxygen deficit

A
  • it represents the difference between the total oxygen consumed during exercise & an additional amount that would have been consumed had a steady-rate aerobic metabolism occurred immediately at the initiation of exercise
66
Q

What does it mean for a trained individual to have a smaller oxygen deficit

A
  • this indicates they consume more total oxygen during exercise with a proportionately smaller anaerobic energy transfer component
67
Q

Define maximal oxygen uptake

A
  • the highest oxygen uptake achieved despite increases in exercise intensity
68
Q

What indicates an individual’s capacity to anaerobically resynthesis ATP

A
  • VO2 max
69
Q

When are fast twitch/type II muscle fibers used

A
  • used during change of pace & stop and go activities, increased force output, or during all out effort requiring rapid powerful movements
70
Q

Describe slow twitch/type I muscle fibers

A
  • generates energy primarily aerobically
  • possesses relatively slow contraction speeds
  • used during continuous activites
71
Q

What determines the energy system & metabolic mixture predominately used during exercise

A
  • intensity
  • duration
72
Q

What system & fuel source predominates during low intensity exercise

A
  • aerobic system
  • fat
73
Q

Does the liver (increase or decrease) the release of glucose to muscle as exercise progresses from low to high intensity

A
  • increase
74
Q

Describe oxygen debt

A
  • recovery oxygen uptake or excess post exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) defined as the excess oxygen uptake above the resting level in recovery
  • the total oxygen consumed after exercise in excess of a pre-exercise baseline level
75
Q

Factors affecting excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)

A
  • resynthesis of ATP & PCr
    -resynthesis of blood lactate to glycogen
  • oxidation of blood lactate in energy metabolism
  • restoration of oxygen to blood, tissue fluids, & myoglobin
  • thermogenic effects of elevated core temperature
  • increased pulmonary & circulatory dynamics & other elevated levels of physiologic function
76
Q

Fast component of excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)

A
  • in low intensity aerobic exercise about half of the total EPOC occurs within 30 secs & complete recovery requires several minutes
77
Q

Slow component of excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)

A

-a second slower phase occurs in recovery from more strenuous exercise that may require 24 hours or more to complete full recovery

78
Q

What occurs during recovery form steady rate exercise

A
  • resynthesis of high energy phosphates
  • replenishment of oxygen in the blood
  • replenishment of bodily fluids
  • replenishment of muscle myoglobin
  • resupply of the small energy cost to sustain an elevated circulation & ventilation
79
Q

Optimal recovery from non-steady rate exercise

A
  • active aerobic exercise in recovery accelerates lactate removal
  • 30-45% of VO2 max for bicycle exercise
  • 55-60% of VO2 max for treadmill running
80
Q

Define interval training

A
  • exercising at an intensity that normally proves exhausting within 3-5 minutes using pre-established spacing of exercise to rest intervals

Exercise Physiology (9 decks)

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