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Edexcel Biology B A-level > Biological Molecules 1 > Flashcards

Biological Molecules 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are all carbohydrates made up of?

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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2
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

Simple sugars where there is one oxygen present and two hydrogen atoms present for each carbon atom.

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3
Q

What is the general formula for monosaccharides?

A

(CH2O)n

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4
Q

What is the formula for triose sugars?

A

C3H6O3

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5
Q

What is the formula for pentose sugars?

A

C5H10O5

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6
Q

What is the formula for hexose sugars?

A

C6H12O6

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7
Q

What are some examples of pentose sugars?

A

Ribose and deoxyribose, important in DNA and RNA.

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8
Q

What are some examples of hexose sugars?

A

Glucose, fructose and galactose

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9
Q

What is a disaccharide made up of?

A

Two monosaccharides joined together

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10
Q

How do two monosaccharides join together to form a disaccharide?

A

Condensation reaction (H2O molecule removed)

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11
Q

What is the bond in a disaccharide?

A

Glycosidic bond

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12
Q

What monosaccharides join to make sucrose?

A

a-Glucose and fructose

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13
Q

What monosaccharides join to make lactose?

A

a-Glucose and b-Galactose

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14
Q

What monosaccharides join to make maltose?

A

a-Glucose and a-Glucose

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15
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

Many monosaccharides joined together by condensation reaction, joined by glycosidic bonds.

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16
Q

How is a polysaccharides structure ideal for storage?

A

-They can form compact molecules
-Glycosidic bonds are easily broken, allowing rapid release of monosaccharides.

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17
Q

How does the structure of amylose and amylopectin differ?

A

Amylose forms a spiral chain, made purely of 1,4-glycosidic chains
Amylopectin forms branching chains as it has 1,4 and 1,6-glycosidic chains.

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18
Q

How is amylose’s structure related to the function?

A

The coiled structure allows the molecule to be compact, making it good for storage

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19
Q

How is amylopectin’s structure related to the function?

A

Branched structure so it is broken down more quickly so glucose can be released when needed

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20
Q

What isomer of glucose is cellulose made up of?

A

B-Glucose

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21
Q

Why is B-glucose in cellulose inverted?

A

So that hydroxyl groups stick out on both sides and hydrogen bonds form between the chains to form microfibrils.

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22
Q

How is cellulose’s structure related to its function?

A

Microfibrils are strong, which provides the cell wall with strength so it can support the plants structure.

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23
Q

What is glycogen made up of?

A

a-Glucose

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24
Q

What is glycogen’s structure?

A

1,6-glycosdic bonds give glycogen a branched structure and it is stored as small granules.

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25
Q

How is glycogen’s structure related to its function?

A

Less dense and more soluble than starch and broken down more rapidly due to the branched structure.

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26
Q

What is the function of lipids?

A

Form an Important integral part of cell membranes as an energy store.

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27
Q

What is the chemical formula of glycerol?

A

C3H8O3

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28
Q

How are fatty acids and glycerol combined?

A

Using ester bonds

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29
Q

How do fatty acids differ?

A

-The length of the carbon chain
-The fatty acid may be saturated or unsaturated

30
Q

What is a saturated fatty acid?

A

Each carbon atom is joined to the one next to it by a single covalent bond

31
Q

What is an unsaturated fatty acid?

A

The carbon chains have one or more double covalent bonds in them.

32
Q

What is one example of a saturated fatty acid?

A

Stearic acid

33
Q

What is an example of a polyunsaturated fatty acid?

A

Linoleic acid

34
Q

How is a fat or oil produced?

A

An ester bond is formed between glycerol and one, two or three fatty acids in a condensation reaction.

35
Q

What is esterification?

A

The formation of ester bonds.

36
Q

Are lipids containing saturated fatty acids going to solid or liquid at room temperature?

A

Solid

37
Q

Why is lipids hydrophobic nature important in plants?

A

Plants use lipids as waxes for waterproofing their outer surfaces to minimise the loss of water.

38
Q

What are two other characteristics of lipids, except from being hydrophobic?

A

-Good insulators (myelin sheath)
-Low density (float easily)

39
Q

Are lipid tails hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

Hydrophobic

40
Q

What does hydrophobic mean?

A

Does not dissolve in water

41
Q

What is a micelle?

A

A spherical formation of molecules in water with hydrophobic areas in the middle and hydrophilic areas outside.

42
Q

What is the structure of a phospholipid?

A

Phosphate-Glycerol-Hydrophobic tail

43
Q

What reaction joins amino acids together?

A

Condensation reaction

44
Q

What bonds form between amino acids?

A

Peptide bonds

45
Q

What is a chain of hundreds of amino acids called?

A

Polypeptide chain

46
Q

What three bonds are present in proteins?

A

-Hydrogen bonds
-Disulfide bonds
-Ionic bonds

47
Q

What is the primary structure of a protein?

A

The sequence of amino acids that make up the polypeptide chain.

48
Q

What is the secondary structure of a protein?

A

The arrangement of the polypeptide chain into a regular structure, held by hydrogen bonds

49
Q

What are two examples of secondary protein structures?

A

a-helix
b-pleated sheets

50
Q

What is the tertiary structure of a protein?

A

The three-dimensional folding of the secondary structure

51
Q

What proteins are an example of a tertiary structure?

A

Globular proteins

52
Q

What is the quaternary structure of a protein?

A

The three-dimensional arrangement of more than one tertiary polypeptide.

53
Q

What are some characteristics of fibrous proteins?

A

-insoluble in water
-very strong, appearing in the structure of connective tissue

54
Q

What is the structure of fibrous proteins?

A

-little or no tertiary structure
-Long, parallel polypeptide chains with occasional cross-linkages

55
Q

What is an example of a fibrous protein?

A

Collagen

56
Q

How many polypeptide chains are collagen made up of?

A

Three

57
Q

How are the polypeptide chains arranged in collagen?

A

In a triple helix, held together by lots of hydrogen bonds

58
Q

Where is collagen found?

A

Tendons, bones and skin

59
Q

What is an example of a globular protein?

A

Haemoglobin

60
Q

What is the structure of a globular protein?

A

Complex tertiary sometimes quaternary structures, folded in spherical shapes.

61
Q

How many polypeptide chains are in haemoglobin?

A

Four

62
Q

What bonds are between the polypeptide chains in haemoglobin?

A

Disulfide bonds

63
Q

What are conjugated proteins?

A

Protein molecules that are joined to another molecule called a prosthetic group.

64
Q

What prosthetic group is haemoglobin joined to?

A

Iron-containing prothetic group

65
Q

What are glycoproteins?

A

A protein with a carbohydrate prosthetic group

66
Q

What is the function of glycoproteins?

A

To hold onto a lot of water to be used as lubricants (eg, mucus)

67
Q

What are lipoproteins?

A

A protein with a lipid prosthetic group

68
Q

What is the function of lipoproteins?

A

To transport cholesterol in the blood

69
Q

What are the two main forms of lipoproteins in the blood?

A

Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)
High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)

70
Q

What is the test for proteins?

A

-Add biuret solution
-A purple colour indicates protein presence

Edexcel Biology B A-level (13 decks)

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