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Biology > Biological molecules 1: Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Biological molecules 1: Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

What are monosaccharides

A

One sugar molecule

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2
Q

What are the two types of sugars

A

Reducing sugars
Non reducing sugars

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3
Q

What atoms do all carbohydrates contain

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

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4
Q

Examples of monosaccharides

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

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5
Q

Glucose is a hexose sugar. What does this mean

A

It means that it has six carbon molecules

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6
Q

What is condensation reaction

A

A reaction where water gets released and a bond is formed

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7
Q

What is a glycosidic bond

A

It is a covalent bond which occurs between a monosaccharide and another group

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8
Q

Examples of disaccharides

A

Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose

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9
Q

What monosaccharides is maltose made of

A

Two alpha glucose molecules

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10
Q

What monosaccharides is Lactose made of

A

One alpha glucose molecules and a galactose molecule

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11
Q

What monosaccharides are sucrose made of

A

One of an alpha glucose molecule and a fructose molecules

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12
Q

What is the different between alpha glucose and beta glucose

A

The hydroxyl group on the right side of glucose have been reversed

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13
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction

A

Using water to break down molecules

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14
Q

What is the definition of a isomer

A

Molecules with the same molecular formulae but connect differently

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15
Q

How is a disaccharide formed

A

They are formed when two monosaccharides bond via a condensation reaction

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16
Q

What are polysaccharides

A

They are more than two monosaccharides that are joined together by a condensation reaction to form a glycosidic bond

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17
Q

Examples of polysaccharides

A

Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose

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18
Q

What are the two substances in starch

A

Amylose
Amylopectin

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19
Q

Properties of amylose

A

Long
Unbranched
Contains C1 - 4 links

20
Q

Properties of amylopectin

A

Long
Branched
Contains both C1-4 links and C1-6 links

21
Q

Is starch soluble or insoluble

A

Insoluble

22
Q

Why is starch insoluble

A

This is so it doesn’t impact water potential
and it is good for storage

23
Q

What is glycogen

A

An animal storage polysaccharide

24
Q

What is starch

A

A plant storage polysaccharide

25
Q

Properties of glycogen

A

Long
More branched than starch ( contains more C1 -6 links)

26
Q

What is cellulose

A

It is a structural polysaccharide found in plants

27
Q

Properties of cellulose

A

Slow decomposition

Unbranched

Monomers of cellulose (beta glucose) are alternatively flipped 180° to form C1 - 4 linkages

28
Q

Is starch made from alpha or beta glucose

A

Alpha

29
Q

Is glycogen made from alpha or beta glucose

A

Alpha

30
Q

Is cellulose made from alpha or beta glucose

A

Beta

31
Q

What links cellulose chains together

A

Hydrogen bonds

32
Q

Amylose is coiled - how does this help its function

A

It makes it compact - so it takes up less space meaning that it is optimal for storage

33
Q

Amylopectin is branched - how does this help its function

A

The branched amylopectin means that more bonds are exposed to enzymes for hydrolysis

34
Q

What are monomers

A

A molecule that can be bonded together with other similar molecules through condensation reactions to form polymers

35
Q

What are polymers

A

Polymers are a large molecule that have been bonded by smaller similar monomers through a series of condensation reactions

36
Q

What is fructose found in

A

Fruits

37
Q

What is galactose found in

A

Milk

38
Q

What are isomers

A

Molecules that have the same molecular formula but a different spatial arrangement

39
Q

Is sucrose a reducing sugar or a non reducing sugar

A

Non reducing

40
Q

How are the structures of cellulose and glycogen different

A

Glycogen has a branched structure and forms coils, whereas cellulose is a straight chain

Glycogen has both 1,4- and 1,6-glycosidic bonds

Cellulose just has 1,4-glycosidic bonds

Cellulose is made from beta-glucose monomers, whereas glycogen is made up of alpha-glucose monomers.

41
Q

How does glycogen act as an energy source

A

The glucose contained within glycogen can be used to release energy through the process of respiration

42
Q

In alpha glucose is the OH group at the top or bottom

A

Bottom

43
Q

In beta glucose is the OH group at the top of the bottom

A

Top

44
Q

Are all monosaccharides reducing sugars

A

Yes

45
Q

What are reducing sugars

A

Sugars that can donate an electron to another molecule

Biology (38 decks)

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