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Biology > Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Biological Molecules Flashcards

0
Q

Biomacromolecules

A

Organic molecules associated with living things.
Carbohydrates- carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. Glucose, mitochondria.
Lipids- Phospholipid bi layer
Proteins- Ribosomes, nucleus
Nucleic acids- Nucleus

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1
Q

Water

A
  • Low viscosity: water flows easily through blood vessels
  • Transparent: light passes through easily - photosynthesis
  • Universal solvent: can dissolve molecules
  • Floats when solid, ice insulates water and keeps it warm
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2
Q

Carbohydrates

A 
Contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen 
Roles:
Energy( ATP) 
Energy storage (Starch) 
Cellulose of cell walls of plants 
Receptors on the cell membrane of cells
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3
Q

Monosaccharides

A

One sugar unit

Eg. Glucose, fructose

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4
Q

Disaccharides

A

Two sugar units

Eg. Lactose, sucrose

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5
Q

Polysaccharides

A

More than one sugar unit

Eg. Starch, cellulose

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6
Q

Lipids

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

  • Chlorophyll is a lipid
  • Phospholipid bi layer in a cell ( lipid tail part)
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7
Q

Triglyceride

A 
Typical type of LIPID
- Consists of 3 fatty acids and glycerol 
| |---
| |---
| |---
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8
Q

Phospholipids

A

Can be made by removing a fatty acid from a triglyceride and adding a phosphate component

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9
Q

What are the functions of fats and oils?

A
  1. Energy storage
  2. Cushions and insulates the body and nerves eg. Fats in myelin sheath
  3. Forms key parts of cell membrane
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10
Q

Proteins

A 
Made up of amino acids 
Roles: Enzymes eg. Lipase 
Form structural components of cells eg. Cell membrane 
Hormones eg. Insulin 
Transport eg. Haemoglobin
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11
Q

Proteomics

A

The study of proteins and their functions

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12
Q

Proteome

A

All the proteins found in the human body

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13
Q

Amino acids

A

Make up proteins

  • 20 different types of amino acids
  • All proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
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14
Q

Nucleic acid

A

Genetic material of all organisms
Two types: DNA and RNA
Determine features of an organism
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus

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15
Q

RNA

A

Found in nucleus and ribosomes

Function: To make ribosomes and involved in protein synthesis

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16
Q

DNA

A

Found in nucleus, mitochondria( used to be unicellular organisms) , chloroplasts ( DNA from absorbed organisms)
Function: holds genetic material

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17
Q

Nucleotides

A

Make up DNA and RNA

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18
Q

Why are cells so small?

A
  • Nutrients and waste move across a cell surface by diffusion
  • Substances absorbed and waste removed
  • As the size of an object increases the SA:V decreases
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19
Q

What determines the rate of diffusion?

A

surface area

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20
Q

Diffusion

A

Passive movement of a substance from a region of high concentration to one of low concentration.
No ATP used

21
Q

Osmosis

A

Passive movement of water from a dilute solution to a more concentrated.
No ATP used
Moves from lots of water to little water.

22
Q

Active transport

A 
Movement of a substance from a region of low concentration to one of high concentration. 
Requires energy ( uses ATP )
23
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Passive movement of a substance along the concentration gradient aided by protein transporters in the cell membrane.

24
Q

Concentration gradient

A

Gradual change in the concentration of a solutes in a solution as a function of distance through a solution.

25
Q

Exocytosis

A

Active movement of substances out of a cell by the use of vesicles that fuse with the cell membrane. Substances that cross the cell membrane by this method are often LARGE.

26
Q

Endocytosis

A

Substances entering a cell same way as Exocytosis
ACTIVE ( uses ATP )
Membrane surrounds substances and brings it into cell.

27
Q

Non-polar molecules

A

Fat based molecules can move easily through membrane (eg. Fatty acids)
Very small things ( oxygen, carbon dioxide, pure water )

28
Q

Polar molecules

A

Substances that dissolve in water eg. Glucose, nucleic acids, amino acids
Cannot move through a membrane so will come through by types of passive/ active transport

29
Q

Hypotonic

A

Dilute

30
Q

Hypertonic

A

Concentrated

31
Q

Isotonic

A

Balanced

32
Q

Enzymes

A

Enzymes act as biological catalysts that speeds up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy.

33
Q

Can enzymes be used over and over again?

A

Yes

34
Q

Activation energy

A

The initial input of energy into a chemical reaction

35
Q

Lock and key hypothesis

A

The fit b/w substrate and active site of enzyme is exact.
Enzyme=key
Substrate=lock
Explains enzyme specificity but does not explain how some enzymes can react with structurally similar substrates

36
Q

Enzyme-substrate complex

A

Temporary structure formed when active site and substrate fit together.

37
Q

Induced fit model

A

Substrate induces a slight change in the shape of the enzyme when it binds with it

38
Q

Co factor

A

Non protein substance that must bind to certain enzymes in order for that enzyme to work

39
Q

Co-enzyme

A

Organic co-factor

40
Q

Prosthetic groups

A

Permanently bonded cofactors

41
Q

Apoenzyme

A

Incomplete enzyme

42
Q

Holoenzyme

A

Whole enzyme

43
Q

Factors affecting enzymes

A

Substrate concentration
pH
Temperature
Inhibitors

44
Q

Limiting factor

A

Requirement in shortest supply

45
Q

Effect of pH

A

Extreme pH levels will denature an enzyme (above or below optimal pH)

46
Q

Effect of temperature

A

Too high a temp results in denaturation

Cooler temps slow down reactions

47
Q

Inhibitors

A

Chemicals that reduce the rate of enzymic reactions

48
Q

Competitive inhibition

A

Compete with substrate for the active site, if it’s there then the substrate can’t fit

49
Q

Non-competitive inhibition

A

Bind to the enzyme but not at the active site, results in a change of shape of the enzyme and the substrate can no longer fit in the active site

Biology (3 decks)

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