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Physiology > Biological Molecules - Lecture 0.1 > Flashcards

Biological Molecules - Lecture 0.1 Flashcards

1
Q

Name the ions that make up the mass of the human body

A

Nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen and carbon make up 96% of the bodys weight

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2
Q

Ion

A

an atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons.

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3
Q

Cation

A

positively charged ion

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4
Q

Anion

A

negatively charged ion

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5
Q

Calciums key roles

A

blood clotting, muscle contraction. secondary messenger needed for neurotransmitter release, establishing sustained depolarization in cardiac action potentials

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6
Q

Hydrogen key roles

A

acid-base balance; forms proton gradient necessary to make ATP in mitochondria (cellular respiration)

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7
Q

Bicarbonate key roles

A

acid-base balance

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8
Q

potassium key roles

A

membrane potentials. Most abundant cation INSIDE cells

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9
Q

sodium key roles

A

membrane potentials; water balance; most abundant cation in interstitium and plasma

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10
Q

What types of bonds provide energy for the body to do work?

A

Exergonic and Endergonic reactions

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11
Q

Explain exergonic reactions

A

EXIT - RELEASE; they release energy. Example of catabolism; more stable bonds are created from less stable ones

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12
Q

Catabolism

A

breaking down of molecules

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13
Q

Explain an example of an exergonic reaction

A

cellular respiration - glucose is oxidized into water, CO2 and energy (ATP)

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14
Q

Explain endergonic reactions

A

ENTER - ABSORB; absorb energy; example of anabolism; less stable bonds are created from more stable bonds

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15
Q

anabolism

A

molecules are being made

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16
Q

What is an example of an exergonic reaction

A

condensation reactions that make AA and polypeptides

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17
Q

what is the relationship between exergonic and endergonic reactions?

A

Exergonic reactions (catabolism) make endergonic reactions (anabolism) possible. ie: oxidation of glucose (exergonic) provides the ATP to make some AA synthesis (endergonic) possible.

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18
Q

How is a covalent bond formed?

A

electron sharing among atoms

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19
Q

What is the relationship between covalent bonds and endergonic reactions?

A

When a covalent bond is broken, energy is released which can then be used to synthesize reactions

20
Q

Explain anabolism in covalent bonding

A

Used in forming covalent bonds and requires some sort of input of energy

21
Q

Explain catabolism in covalent bonding

A

Would indicate the breaking of covalent bonds and this releases energy

22
Q

What does energy have to do with covalent bonds?

A

Energy is needed to form them and this energy is released when these bonds are broken

23
Q

What is polarity?

A

separation of electric charge due to the unequal sharing of electrons among the constituent atoms thus resulting in a positive and negative dipole

24
Q

Why is water polar?

A

because oxygen holds onto electrons more strongly than hydrogen

25
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

Electromagnetic attraction between dipole moments

26
Q

Define dipole moment

A

unequal electron sharing created by differences in electronegativity between the atoms in a compound

27
Q

Explain hydrogen bonds role in energy.

A

Hydrogen bonds are not true chemical bonds, therefore broken H bonds cannot provide energy for endergonic reactions.

28
Q

What is the chemical formula for glucose?

A

C6 H12 O6

29
Q

What is a glucose?

A

A monosaccharide (carbohydrate)

30
Q

Explain the structure of a lipid

A

glycerol attached to three FA chains

31
Q

What do lipids (triglycerides) do?

A

Principal storage form of energy (adipose cells); protect and insulate

32
Q

Explain the importance of glycerol?

A

important molecule necessary to carry out gluconeogenesis in liver

33
Q

What is the structure of a phospholipid?

A

2 FA attached to a phosphorylated molecule

34
Q

What is the importance of the phosphorylated molecule in the phospholipid?

A

It results in a polar (water loving) head and non polar (hydrophobic) tail

35
Q

The importance of phospholipids

A

They are the major component of cell (plasma) membranes with their polar heads on the outside and non polar fatty acid tails on the inside

36
Q

What is the role of cholesterol?

A

helps maintain cell membrane stability and permeability to transmembrane proteins and it is a precursor for the biosynthesis of steroid hormones, bile acids and vitamin D

37
Q

Describe the structure of cholesterol

A

Has polar and non polar moieties making it amphipathic. The polar moieties hydrogen bond with the phosphorylated heads of the lipid bilayer and its non polar moieties bind with the phospholipid tails via van Der waal forces

38
Q

What are proteins?

A

large, complex molecules made up of AA and linked in sequence by covalent peptide bonds

39
Q

Describe the parts of a protein

A

N-terminus which is the alkaline amino group, C-terminus which is the acidic carboxyl group and an R-group that is the side chain which is different for each AA and determines the AA chemical property. Variations in the sequence/number of AA produces a different protein.

40
Q

The relationship between hormones and proteins

A

Some important hormones are protein. Peptide hormones include insulin, glucagon and ADH (vasopressin)

41
Q

Define chemical bond.

A

Forces created by electrons which hold atoms together to form molecules and compounds.

42
Q

Examples of chemical bonds

A

covalent bond and ionic bond

43
Q

define ionic bond

A

ionize in water forming essential electrolytes

44
Q

define molecules

A

a combination of two or more atoms

45
Q

Define compound

A

a chemical substance consisting of 2 or more different chemical elements that can be separated into simpler substances

46
Q

Example of compound

A

sucrose

47
Q

Define ion

A

any atom or molecule where the number of electrons and protons are unequal and has an electric charge, either positive or negative

Physiology (3 decks)

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