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BMAT Revision > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Bases in each strand pair together, which bases pair together?

A

Adenine pairs with Thymine
Cytosine pairs with Guanine

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2
Q

What is a biological enzyme?

A

Enzymes are proteins that have a specific structure to function a specific role.

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3
Q

What process is happening here?
C6H1206 + 6O2 - 6H20 + ATP

A

This is the process of aerobic respiration.

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4
Q

What is the difference between an vein and an artery?

A

Veins - carry blood to the heart.
Arteries - carry blood away from the heart.

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5
Q

Describe the process of diffusion.

A

Movement of molecules from high to low concentration as random movement until there is no net movement.

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6
Q

What is the role of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?

A

To break down viruses and bacteria.
And provide conditions for protease to function.

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7
Q

Define an individual.

A

An individual is a single living organism

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8
Q

Define a population

A

A population is a group of organisms of the same species.

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9
Q

Define a community.

A

A community is a group of different species living together.

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10
Q

Define a ecosystem.

A

A ecosystem includes different species together in a n environment.

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11
Q

What process is happening here?
CO2 + H20 - CHO6 + O2

A

This is the process of photosynthesis.

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12
Q

Define and state the formula for anaerobic respiration.

A

Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen.
Glucose - Lactic acid + ATP.

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13
Q

What’s the difference between the CNS and NS?

A

The CNS consists of the brain and the spinal cord.
The NS is made of several difference cell types for rapid communication.

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14
Q

What are the four different bases of DNA?

A

Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine

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15
Q

What are non-communicable diseases?

A

Diseases that are not infectious.
Caused by the interaction of different factors.

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16
Q

What are chloroplasts?

A

These are plant cell organelles that convert light energy into chemical energy.

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17
Q

Describe the role of amylase.

A

Helps break down food while chewing.
Found in the mouth, pancreas and small intestines.
Breaks down starches into carbs and sugars.

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18
Q

What is the role of protease?

A

To break down proteins.
Produced in the stomach, small intestines and pancreas.

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19
Q

What is the role of lipase?

A

To break down fats.
Helps with long term energy storage.
Produced in pancreas and small intestine.

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20
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

it is the maintenance of a constant environment.
Vital for organs to be in a healthy state.

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21
Q

What does each molecule of DNA consist of?

A

A phosphate group
A base
A sugar

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22
Q

Describe the process of osmosis?

A

Osmosis is the movement of water from a region of high water potential to a low water potential through a partially permeable membrane.

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23
Q

What is the role of FSH?

A

Follicle stimulating hormone acts in the ovaries
Stimulates an ovary to develop and produce oestrogen.

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24
Q

What’s the function of vacuoles?

A

They are membrane bound sacks.
Help with structural support
Handles waste in form of water.
Removes toxins.

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25
Q

What are some medical benefits of genetic modification?

A

GM bacteria can be used to treat diabetes.
Enables large quantities of meds to be made.
Have fewer side effects.

26
Q

Describe the process of breathing.

A

When breathing in - diaphragm contracts, lungs inflate, pressure decreases.
When breathing out - diaphragm relaxes, lungs deflate, pressure increases.

27
Q

Describe the process of blood going to and from the heart.

A

Deoxygenated blood is pumped from the right side of the heart to the lungs where it gains oxygen.
Oxygenated blood then returns to the left side of the heart so it can be pumped around the body.

28
Q

What does the coronary artery do?

A

It supplies blood to the heart muscle cells.

29
Q

Describe the process of gas exchange.

A

Occurs when gases diffuse across the capillary and alveolar walls.
Oxygen - inhaled - along trachea - to Bronchus - to bronchiole.
Brings it to the alveolus which diffuses to blood capillaries.

30
Q

What are the characteristics of the alveoli?

A

`They have a large surface area for diffusion.
Thousands of alveoli in each lung.
capillaries are wrapped around alveoli for constant contact with blood flow.

31
Q

What are the two types of white blood cell?

A

Lymphocyte - Produces antibodies which fight of pathogens.
Phagocytes - engulfs pathogens and digests them.

32
Q

What organs are involved in the process of removing toxins from the body?

A

Kidneys
Liver
Lungs
Skin

33
Q

What factors affect the rate of diffusion.

A

Temperature
Concentration
Surface area
Distance

34
Q

Describe the process of active transport.

A

The movement of particles through a cell membrane from low to high concentration.
Uses energy from respiration.

35
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messages that are carried via blood plasma.

36
Q

What is the role of progesterone?

A

Maintains uterus lining during 2nd half of cycle so a egg can implant.

37
Q

What is the role of luteinising hormone?

A

Produced in pituitary gland.
Stimulates the mature follicle to release the egg at day 14.

38
Q

What are the three types of neurone?

A

Relay - allows communication to and from brain.
Sensory - sends messages from receptors.
Motor - connected to effectors.

39
Q

What factors affect population size?

A

Predation
Food supply
Disease
Pollution
human conditions.

40
Q

What are stem cells?

A

undifferentiated cells which renew by mitosis.
The can become specialised by differentiation.

41
Q

What are genotypes?

A

Alleles that control a characteristic. There are two alleles for each gene, one is inherited from each parent.

42
Q

What’s the difference between homozygous and heterozygous?

A

Homozygous - Having two identical alleles of a gene.
Heterozygous - Having two different alleles of a gene.

43
Q

What is a gene?

A

A short section of a chromosome, which carries genetic information to code for protein.

44
Q

What is the role of oestrogen?

A

Produced in the ovaries.
Stimulates the uterus lining to thicken.

45
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

Designed to protect the body from harm and occurs rapidly.

Does not require processing from the brain.

46
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

To produce energy for the cell in the form of ATP.

47
Q

What are communicable diseases?

A

These are infectious diseases caused by pathogens.

48
Q

What does the cell membrane consist of?

A

Lipid bilayer
Proteins
Cytoplasm.

49
Q

Name the major parts of the plant cell wall.

A

Primary wall
Middle lamella
Secondary wall.

50
Q

How many chambers does the heart have?

A

The heart has 4 chambers.
Two atriums
Two ventricles.

51
Q

What is pulmonary circulation?

A

Transports blood to the lungs via the right side of the heart.

52
Q

What is systemic circulation?

A

Transports oxygen and nutrients vi blood around the body, via the left side of the heart.

53
Q

What is the role of the brain?

A

Forms the core of the CNS, sends, processes and creates nerve impuses.

54
Q

What is the function of the heart?

A

To pump blood around the body.

55
Q

What is the function of the lungs?

A

To oxygenate blood with air we breath.

56
Q

What is the function of the liver?

A

Converts nutrients into useful substances.
filters toxins

57
Q

What is the function of the kidneys?

A

Filter blood and remove toxins.
Produce urine which carries toxins out of the body.

58
Q

What is the function of the pancreas?

A

Produces enzymes to aid with digestion.

59
Q

What is the function of the stomach?

A

Breaks down food and produces enzymes to help.

60
Q

What is the function of the small intestine?

A

Most digestion and absorption happen here first.

61
Q

What is the function of the large intestine?

A

Food becomes faeces, absorbs water and excretes via the rectum.

BMAT Revision (3 decks)

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